Eavesdropping on the Mind. COGS 17 - Winter 2019 Andrew Shibata
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1 Eavesdropping on the Mind COGS 17 - Winter 2019 Andrew Shibata
2 Announcements - Midterm I is next Tuesday! - Exam is worth 25% of your grade - Homework 1 is due at the exam (worth 2.5% of grade) - Review session: Sunday, Jan :20pm - Solis 107 (Same place as lecture)
3 Technologies for Studying the Brain Keep the following questions in mind: What does this technique tell us about the organization of the brain? What are the tradeoffs? What can t this technique tell us? Why might we choose a different method? What is the resolution of the data?
4 Outline
5 Anatomical Exams
6 Staining Visualize the organization of cells or molecules in the brain Post-mortem brain tissue slices Cost: Must sacrifice subject GOOD spatial resolution NO temporal information and NO functional information
7 Types of Stains Golgi stain Nissl stain Weigert stain
8 Golgi Stain Stains the entirety of a neuron: soma, dendrites, and axon Only dyes some of the cells in sample Mechanism is still largely unknown Used by Santiago Ramon y Cajal Neuron Doctrine Good resolution Depends on microscope resolution
9 Nissl Stain Colored dye binds to negatively charged nucleic acids (RNA & DNA) in cells Stains the cell body (Soma) Does not stain the dendrite and axons
10 Weigert Stain Stains white matter Myelinated axons Useful for visualizing fiber pathways
11 Lesions Brain damaged naturally or experimentally Observe behavior before/after damage Process brain tissue to observe damage Many famous examples: Tan Phineas Gage Clive Wearing HM NO temporal information GOOD functional information and GOOD spatial resolution for damaged areas
12 Tan Patient of Paul Broca in 1861 Could only say tan However, language comprehension was unaffected Post-mortem exam found lesion in inferior frontal cortex Area associated with language production Broca s Area
13 Phineas Gage ( ) Railroad construction foreman In 1848, blasting powder exploded and shot an iron tamping rod through his head Destroyed much of his left prefrontal cortex He survived! But there were changes in his mood and personality
14 Clive Wearing Herpes simplex virus Hippocampal damage Unable to form new memories Still able to play the piano Intact procedural memory
15 HM Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to correct epilepsy Unable to create new episodic memories Intact procedural memory, short-term memory, and priming effects Brain sectioned at UCSD!
16 Electrical Stimulation Stimulate parts of the brain and see how it affects the body Live subjects Invasive NO temporal resolution GOOD spatial resolution for the stimulation site Functional information comes from subject responses
17 Recordings of Endogenous EM Radiation
18 Single Cell Recording Micro-electrode measures voltage differences between inside and outside of cell Subject is alive and is engaged in a task VERY GOOD temporal resolution, but only for the single cell VERY GOOD spatial resolution, but only for the single cell STRONG functional information, but only for the single cell
19 Examples: Mirror Cells and Face Cells
20 Electroencephalogram (EEG) A recording of the brain s electrical activity Measures differences in electrical potential at the scalp Non-invasive GOOD temporal resolution, but POOR spatial resolution WEAK functional information Recording activity from many cells Inexpensive technology
21 Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electric field created by neurons is detected on the gyri of the cortex The fields are perpendicular to the cortex
22 Electroencephalogram (EEG) Can be used to measure brain activity during a task or during a particular state Such as sleep
23 Event-Related Potential (ERP) Examine averaged EEG response Time-locked to stimulus/task exposure to multiple trials Detect fast changes in electrical activity elicited by a stimulus GOOD Temporal Resolution POOR Spatial Resolution STRONG functional information related to a specific stimulus-response pairing
24 Event-Related Potential (ERP) N400 in language processing High N400 response when the stimulus is a semantically unexpected word
25 Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) Records magnetic fields produced by brain activity MUCH more expensive than EEG Needs Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQuIDs) Measures activity parallel to the brain surface (from sulci) GOOD temporal resolution GOOD spatial resolution Better than EEG WEAK functional information
26 Images Produced by Perturbation of the System
27 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Subjects are placed in a very large and very loud drum Applies a strong magnetic field to the Hydrogen protons in water This causes them to align Then turn the field off Use the energy released from protons returning to natural to expose the image
28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) NO temporal information BEST spatial resolution NO functional information
29 Functional MRI (fmri) Indirect measure of brain activity BOLD = Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal Blood flow increases when a region is active and carries oxygen with it GOOD Functional Info Oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood differ magnetically POOR Temporal Resolution ~ seconds VERY GOOD Spatial Resolution
30 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Uses radioactive tracers to detect areas of blood flow Can detect molecular changes even prior to (brain) structural changes (as in Alzheimer s) Since brain metabolism is slower in these people (and so less blood flow) POOR Temporal Resolution GOOD Spatial Resolution GOOD Functional Information
31 Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Uses x-rays to get a quick and rough image of brain structure Used to detect abnormalities such as tumors or areas affected by a stroke Uses many 2D images to construct a 3D image NO Temporal Information OK Spatial Resolution Not as good as MRI NO Functional Information
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