I. Anatomy of the Brain A. Cranial Meninges and Ventricles of the Brain 1. Meninges a. Dura mater 1) Endosteal/Periosteal Layer - Outer 2) Meningeal Layer - Inner 3) Falx cerebri a) Superior sagittal sinus b) Inferior sagittal sinus 4) Falx cerebelli 5) Tentorium cerebelli a) Transverse sinus 6) Subdural Space b. Arachnoid (mater) 1) Subarachnoid Space 2) Arachnoid granulations (villi) c. Pia mater
2. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Circulation a. Lateral Ventricles 1) Interventricular foramen (foramina) 2) Septum pellucidum 3) Choroid plexuses b. Third Ventricle 1) Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) 2) Choroid plexus c. Fourth Ventricle 1) Median aperture 2) Lateral aperture 3) Choroid plexus d. Subarachnoid Space e. Dural sinuses 1) Arachnoid granulations (villi)
3. Clinical Applications a. Hydrocephalus 1) Internal Ventricles 2) External Subdural Space a) Shunt b. Meningitis c. Encephalitis
B. Regions of the Brain 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Hemispheres a. Cerebral Cortex Gray Matter 1) Gyrus/Gyri Convolutions a) Precentral Gyrus (1) Primary Motor Area b) Postcentral Gyrus (2) Primary Somatosensory Area 2) Fissures a) Longitudinal Fissure b) Transverse Fissure 3) Sulcus/Sulci a) Central Sulcus b) Lateral Sulcus c) Parieto-occipital Sulcus
4) Lobes a) Frontal (1) Primary Motor Cortex (2) Prefrontal Cortex (3) Premotor Cortex (Somatic Motor Association Area) (4) Broca s Area* (Motor Speech Area) usually left hemisphere only b) Parietal (1) Primary Sensory Cortex (2) Somatic Sensory Association Area (3) Wernicke s Area* (General Interpretive Area) usually left hemisphere only
c) Temporal (1) Auditory Cortex (2) Auditory Association Area (3) Olfactory Cortex (a) Uncus* d) Occipital (1) Visual Cortex (2) Visual Association Area e) Insula (1) Gustatory Cortex 5) Hemispheric Lateralization a) Right Hemisphere (1) Abstract, Conceptual or Spatial Processes (2) Emotional Context of Conversation b) Left Hemisphere (1) Language Brain (2) Analytical Tasks
b. Cerebral White Matter 1) Association Tracts (Fibers) a) Arcuate Fibers b) Longitudinal Fasciculi 2) Projection Tracts (Fibers) a) Internal Capsule 3) Commissures ( Commissural Fibers) a) Corpus callosum b) Fornix (1) Limbic system c) Anterior commissure
c. Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia old term) 1) Corpus striatum a) Caudate nucleus (1) Claustrum (2) Amygdaloid body (nucleus) b) Lentiform nucleus (1) Putamen - lateral (2) Globus pallidus - medial 2) Internal capsule a) Corona radiata
2. Diencephalon a. Thalamus 1) Interthalamic adhesion (Intermediate mass ) 2) Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) b. Hypothalamus 1) Infundibulum of Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) 2) Mammillary bodies c. Epithalamus 1) Pineal Gland (Body) 2) Choroid plexus
3. Brain Stem a. Mesencephalon (Midbrain) 1) Cerebral aqueduct 2) Corpora quadrigemina a) Superior colliculi (colliculus) (1) Visual Reflex Centers b) Inferior colliculi (colliculus) (1) Auditory Reflex Centers 3) Cerebral peduncles b. Pons 1) Relay station 2) Cranial Nerve Nuclei 3) Cerebellar peduncles (Superior, Middle, Inferior) 4) Apneustic & Pneumotaxic Centers c. Medulla Oblongata 1) Pyramids a) Decussate/Decussation 2) Nuclei of vital reflex centers a) Cardiovascular Centers b) Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers c) Digestive 3) Olives (Olivary nuclei)
4. Cerebellum a. Cerebellar cortex 1) Folia 2) Cerebellar hemispheres a) Anterior lobe b) Posterior lobe (1) Primary fissure c) Flocculonodular lobe 3) Vermis 4) Composed of Purkinje cells b. Arbor vitae c. Cerebellar nuclei
II. Cranial Nerves A. Olfactory (I) cerebrum 1. Olfactory bulb 2. Olfactory tract B. Optic (II) - diencephalon 1. Optic chiasm 2. Optic tract C. Oculomotor (III) - midbrain D. Trochlear (IV) - midbrain E. Trigeminal (V) - pons 1. Ophthalmic branch 2. Maxillary branch 3. Mandibular branch F. Abducens (VI) - pons G. Facial (VII) - pons H. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Auditory or Acoustic pons & medulla I. Glossopharyngeal (IX) - medulla oblongata J. Vagus (X) - medulla oblongata K. (Spinal) Accessory (XI) - medulla oblongata & cervical spinal segments L. Hypoglossal (XII) - medulla oblongata
USEFUL MNEMONICS RED FIRST LETTER IS THE FIRST LETTER OF THE CRANIAL NERVE. 1. On Occasion, Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny-Very Good Vehicle AnyHow. 2. Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah Heaven! 3. Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly! 4. On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops. (old names) A=AUDITORY/ACOUSTIC & S=SPINAL ACCESSORY 5. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brothers Say Bad Business Marrying Money. (best for learning function) S=Sensory, M=Motor, & B=Both Sensory and Motor 6. Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. (another for learning function) S=Sensory, M=Motor, & B=Both Sensory and Motor MANY MORE ON LINE SOME ARE VERY INAPPROPRIATE, BUT MEMORABLE
III. Electroencephalography A. Brain Waves 1. Alpha Waves (8 to 13 Hz; average amplitudes 30 to 50 µv) a. Alpha Block 2. Beta Waves (13 to 30 Hz; <20 µv) 3. Theta Waves (4 and 8 Hz; <30 µv) 4. Delta Waves (between 0.5 and 4 Hz; up to 100-200 µv) B. Electroencephalogram (EEG) MNEMONIC FOR BRAIN WAVES Duh - Think About Brains! This works for frequency (in order from slowest to fastest wave).