Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies

Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies

Gokhan Ozyigit Ugur Selek Erkan Topkan Editors Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies

Editors Gokhan Ozyigit Professor and Chairman Department of Radiation Oncology Hacettepe University, Faculty of Med. Ankara Turkey Erkan Topkan Professor and Chairman Department of Radiation Oncology Baskent University School of Medicine Adana Turkey Ugur Selek Professor and Chairman Department of Radiation Oncology Koc University School of Medicine Istanbul Turkey Adjunct Associate Professor Department of Radiation Oncology MD Anderson Cancer Center The University of Texas Houston, TX USA ISBN 978-3-319-28759-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28761-4 ISBN 978-3-319-28761-4 (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016935930 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Dedicated to the memory of Professor Dincer Fırat, MD (1932 2014)

Preface It is evident that optimal management of thoracic malignancies requires a multidisciplinary team approach through an understanding of functional outcomes with minimal morbidities from the dedicated modalities. The idea behind the Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies is the challenging atmosphere of multidisciplinary care where the radiation oncologists should be closely interacting with the medical oncologists and the surgeons in different degrees based on the type and stage of the malignancies. Therefore, our intent was to provide a summarized, illustrated, and structured method underlying all components of site-specific treatments, from surgical, radiation oncological, and medical oncological perspectives, in order to lead into an evidence-based management pathway equipped with adequate and up-todate information. Radiotherapy chapters are arranged with the required illustrated target volume delineations and treatment techniques, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment, stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. As detailed surgical techniques are not a part of our oncology residency programs, the specialists who are mainly interested in thoracic malignancies should be equipped with an adequate level of oncological surgery options including the basic knowledge of what goes on under the scar. Therefore, we have included chapters of concise surgical point of views and surgical techniques, as well as clinical chapters with medical oncology perspectives to help in the decision making for the radiation oncology practitioners. Overall, our book covers the general multidisciplinary management including valuable inputs of surgery, radiation, and medical oncology. We hope Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies will meet the need for a practical and up-to-date radiation oncology review of thoracic tumors for residents, fellows, and clinicians of radiation, medical and thoracic oncology, as well as for medical students, physicians, and medical physicists interested in thoracic malignancies. Ankara, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Adana, Turkey Gokhan Ozyigit Ugur Selek Erkan Topkan vii

Acknowledgments The editors are indebted to Corinna Hauser from Springer DE and Bharatwaj M.V. and Sushil Kumar Sharma from SPi Global for their assistance in preparing Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies. We extend our most sincere gratitude to our colleagues and friends at Hacettepe University, Koc University, Baskent University, and University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, as well as our families. ix

Contents 1 Selection Criteria for Definitive Treatment Approach in Thoracic Malignancies: Radiation Oncology Perspective......... 1 Duygu Sezen, Yasemin Bolukbasi, Erkan Topkan, and Ugur Selek 2 Modern Radiotherapy Techniques in Lung Cancer............... 13 Yasemin Bolukbasi, Duygu Sezen, Erkan Topkan, and Ugur Selek 3 Guidelines for the Delineation of Primary Tumor Target Volume in Lung Cancer................................ 39 Gokhan Ozyigit, Melis Gultekin, Sezin Yuce Sari, Pervin Hurmuz, and Gozde Yazici 4 Guidelines for the Delineation of Lymphatic Target Volumes in Lung Cancer............................................. 51 Gokhan Ozyigit, Melis Gultekin, Sezin Yuce Sari, Gozde Yazici, and Pervin Hurmuz 5 Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Lung Cancers............. 67 Gokhan Ozyigit, Sezin Yuce Sari, Gozde Yazici, Pervin Hurmuz, and Melis Gultekin 6 Radiochemotherapy and Fractionation in Locally Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer.................................. 83 Erkan Topkan, Ozan Cem Guler, and Ugur Selek 7 Stereotactic Cranial Radiosurgery for Metastatic Non-small-cell Lung Carcinoma........................................... 127 Erkan Topkan, Yurday Ozdemir, and Ugur Selek 8 Modern Radiotherapy in Limited and Extensive Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer..................................... 163 Erkan Topkan, Berna Akkus Yildirim, and Ugur Selek 9 Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Small- and Non-small-Cell Lung Carcinoma.............................. 199 Erkan Topkan and Ugur Selek xi

xii Contents 10 Systemic Therapy for Lung Cancer........................... 227 Nil Molinas Mandel 11 Surgical Staging and Advanced Surgical Techniques in Early Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancers.................... 243 Sukru Dilege, Serhan Tanju, and Suat Erus 12 Translational Research and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer...... 255 Jonathan E. Schoenhals, Eric D. Brooks, Maria A. Cortez, Steven N. Seyedin, Sharareh Niknam, Xiaohong Wang, Alexandra P. Cadena, Xuan Shirley Li, Daniel R. Gomez, Zhongxing Liao, and James W. Welsh 13 Esophageal Cancer......................................... 297 Ugur Selek, Yasemin Bolukbasi, Erkan Topkan, and Zhongxing Liao 14 Systemic Treatment of Esophageal Cancer..................... 325 Sevil Bavbek 15 Advanced Surgical Approaches for the Management of Esophageal Carcinoma.................................... 345 Boris Sepesi and Wayne Hofstetter 16 Radiotherapy in Thymic Tumors............................. 363 Ugur Selek, Yasemin Bolukbasi, Erkan Topkan, and Ritsuko Komaki 17 Surgical Staging and Advanced Surgical Techniques in Thymic Cancers......................................... 389 Serhan Tanju, Suat Erus, and Sukru Dilege 18 Systemic Therapies in Thymic Malignancies.................... 399 Kerim Kaban 19 Target Volume Delineation Guidelines in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.............................................. 433 Gokhan Ozyigit, Pervin Hurmuz, Sezin Yuce Sari, Gozde Yazici, and Melis Gultekin 20 Modern Radiotherapy Techniques in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma....................................... 441 Gokhan Ozyigit, Pervin Hurmuz, Sezin Yuce Sari, Gozde Yazici, and Melis Gultekin 21 Modern Surgical Techniques in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma....................................... 461 Yusuf Kahya, Erkan Dikmen, and Ayten Kayi Cangir 22 Systemic Therapies in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.......... 469 Ozan Yazici and Sercan Aksoy

Contents xiii 23 Radiation-Induced Toxicities and Management Strategies in Thoracic Malignancies.................................... 483 Gokhan Ozyigit, Gozde Yazici, Sezin Yuce Sari, Melis Gultekin, and Pervin Hurmuz 24 Quality Assurance of Modern Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies.................................... 507 Christopher Nelson, Steven Kirsner, Yucel Saglam, and Vildan Alpan Index........................................................ 521

Contributors S. Aksoy, MD Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey V. Alpan Department of Radiation Oncology, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey S. Bavbek, MD Department of Medical Oncology, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Y. Bolukbasi, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey E. D. Brooks Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA A. P. Cadena Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA A. K. Cangır, MD Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey M. A. Cortez Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA E. Dikmen, MD Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey S. Dilege, MD Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey S. Erus Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey D. R. Gomez Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA xv

xvi Contributors O. C. Guler Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey M. Gultekin, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey W. Hofstetter Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA P. Hurmuz, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey K. Kaban, MD Department of Medical Oncology, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Y. Kahya Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey S. Kirsner, MS Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA R. Komaki, MD Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA X. S. Li Biomedical Informatics at Molecular Match Inc., Houston, TX, USA Z. Liao, MD Division of Radiation Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA N. Molinas Mandel, MD Department of Medical Oncology, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Medical Oncology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey C. Nelson, PhD Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA S. Niknam Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Y. Ozdemir Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey G. Ozyigit Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Y. Saglam Department of Radiation Oncology, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey S. Y. Sari, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey J. E. Schoenhals Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Contributors xvii U. Selek, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA B. Sepesi, MD Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA S. N. Seyedin Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA D. Sezen, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey S. Tanju, MD Department of Thoracic Surgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey E. Topkan, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey X. Wang Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA J. W. Welsh, MD Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA G. Yazici, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey O. Yazici Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey B. A. Yildirim Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey