Breast Cancer Risk Reduction and Early Detection

Breast Cancer Risk Reduction and Early Detection

Edward R. Sauter Mary B. Daly Editors Breast Cancer Risk Reduction and Early Detection 123

Editors Edward R. Sauter University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences 501 N. Columbia Road Grand Forks ND 58202 USA esauter@medicine.nodak.edu Mary B. Daly Department of Medical Oncology Fox Chase Cancer Center 333 Cottman Ave. Philadelphia PA 19111-2497 USA mary.daly@fccc.edu ISBN 978-0-387-87582-8 e-isbn 978-0-387-87583-5 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-87583-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940202 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface While many comprehensive texts have been written on the treatment of breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, there are relatively few which cover in depth the prevention and early detection of the disease. The goal of this work is to present what experts in the field feel is the current knowledge and future direction of breast cancer prevention and early detection. We begin Part I of the book with a review of risk factors, both genetic and environmental. We next review progress in the use of chemoprevention. Notably, chemoprevention risk reduction studies have led to FDA approval of two medications which measurably reduce disease incidence among women at increased risk, although with some risk of treatment related side effects. Newer agents in the pipeline, which may also reduce risk among normal risk women, are also discussed. Surgical risk reducing strategies complete the section on prevention, including both the benefits and downsides to this more aggressive approach. Even with aggressive prevention strategies, some women will develop breast cancer. For these women, early detection is critical to minimize disease spread and maximize long term survival. Part II of this book reviews current and upcoming approaches to early detection. Imaging strategies, including mammography, breast ultrasound, MRI, and PET imaging are reviewed. The potential for molecular tumor targeting to detect disease prior to the formation of a mass visible by anatomic imaging is presented. We complete our review with breast specific intraductal approaches and systemic evaluation of cells and cell components which may ultimately lead to breast cancer detection at its earliest stage, years prior to the formation of a tumor mass. We hope that this book satisfactorily addresses the current and future issues related to breast cancer prevention and early detection, and stimulates new ideas which will contribute to reducing the burden of this disease. Grand Forks, North Dakota Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Edward R. Sauter Mary B. Daly v

Contents Part I Prevention 1 Risk Factors... 3 Polly A. Newcomb and Karen J. Wernli 2 Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Randomized Trial Findings... 23 Garnet L. Anderson 3 Breast Cancer Chemoprevention... 43 Mary B. Daly 4 Surgical Management of Inherited Susceptibility to Breast Cancer... 61 Francis Freisinger and Susan M. Domchek Part II Early Detection 5 Clinical Breast Examination and Breast Self-Examination... 81 William H. Goodson, III 6 Mammography... 117 Barbara C. Cavanaugh and Sorcha McNally 7 Current Status and Future Prospects in Breast Carcinoma of Positron Emission Tomography... 133 Sandip Basu, Joshua I. Rosenbaum, and Abass Alavi 8 Breast MRI... 147 Barbara C. Cavanaugh and Sorcha McNally 9 Genetic and Molecular Approaches to Imaging Breast Cancer... 163 Eric Wickstrom and Mathew L. Thakur 10 Intraductal Approaches: Nipple Aspirate Fluid to Assist in Breast Cancer Detection... 183 Edward R. Sauter 11 Intraductal Approaches: Mammary Ductoscopy and Ductal Lavage to Assist in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer... 197 William C. Dooley vii

viii Contents 12 Blood Markers... 205 Mark W. Duncan 13 Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer... 219 Michail Ignatiadis and Dimitris Mavroudis Subject Index... 235

Contributors Abass Alavi, MD PhD (Hon) DSc (Hon) Department of Radiology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, alavi@rad.upenn.edu; abass.alavi@uphs.upenn.edu Garnet L. Anderson, PhD Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Settle, WA 98109, USA, garnet@whi.org Sandip Basu, MBBS(hons), DRM, DNB, MNAMS Radiation Medicine Centre (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre), Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Bombay 400012, India, drsanb@yahoo.com Barbara C. Cavanaugh, MD Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA, bc-md@comcast.net Mary B. Daly, MD, PhD Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA, mary.daly@fccc.edu; asst. lorraine.crozier@fccc.edu Susan M. Domchek, MD Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, susan.domchek@uphs.upenn.edu William C. Dooley, MD, FACS Department of Surgical Oncology, Oklahoma University Medical Center,73104,Okalahoma, OK, USA, william-dooley@ouhsc.edu Mark W. Duncan, MD Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biodesix Inc., Broomfield, CO 80021, USA, mark.duncan@ucdenver.edu Francis Freisinger, MD Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, francis.freisinger@uphs.upenn.edu William H. Goodson III, MD Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, goodsow@sutterhealth.org Michail Ignatiadis, Dr Department of Medical Oncology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Jules Bordet Institute, 121 Blvd de Waterloo, Brussels, 1000, Belgium, michail.ignatiadis@bordet.be Dimitris Mavroudis, Dr Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, mavrudis@med.uoc.gr Sorcha McNally, MB, BCh, BAO, MRCPI, FFR, RCSI Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA, sorcha.mcnally@jeffersonhospital.org ix

x Contributors Polly A. Newcomb, PhD Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington; Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, pnewcomb@fhcrc.org Joshua I. Rosenbaum, BA Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, joshua.rosenbaum@uphs.upenn.edu Edward Sauter, MD, PhD University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA, esauter@medicine.nodak.edu Mathew L. Thakur, PhD Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA, mathew.thakur@jefferson.edu Karen J. Wernli Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,98109, Seattle,WA,USA,kwernli@fhcrc.org Eric Wickstrom, PhD Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA, eric.wickstrom@jefferson.edu