Generalized insect head: Anterior aspect. Suture lines: lines of weakness associated with molting

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Generalized insect head: Anterior aspect VERTEX coronal suture ocular suture compound eye dorsal ocellus antennal suture subocular suture GENA mandible antenna frontal suture FRONS anterior tentorial pit subgenal suture epistomal suture Suture lines: lines of weakness associated with molting flexible region as in wing hinge of Schistocerca (locust) flexible region lacking exocuticle (membrane) flexible region as in wing base of Lepidoptera wedge of partially sclerotized mesocuticle epicuticle exocuticle endocuticle epidermis fibrous protein resilin plus chitin lamellae pure resilin ecdysial cleavage line or suture (lacks exocuticle) 1

Generalized insect head: Posterior aspect VERTEX compound eye GENA coronal suture occipital suture OCCIPUT (occipital area) postoccipital suture ocular suture remnants of head somites? cervix (neck) foramen magnum mouthpart region (mouthparts removed) Generalized insect head: cockroach (Dictyoptera: s.o. Blattodea) Blattodea 2

Head articulations and muscles extrinsic muscle condyle condyle (antennifer) Antenna monocondylar (monocondylic) condyles extrinsic muscles Mandible dicondylar (dicondylic) adductor (flexor) muscle tentorium abductor (extensor) muscle Md point of articulation (condyle) (sagittal plane) Mandible muscles Head shape I: the effect of Muscles [Note sexual & caste dimorphism] brain vertex tentorium sclerotized, flattened tendon (a proctotrupoid parasite of woodboring beetle larvae) exodont mandibles Atta Soldier ant huge adductors Vanhornia larva huge abductors cibarium soldier Pharyngeal/cibarial pump muscles sucking mouthparts Cicadidae Thysanoptera (thrips) 3

Head shape II: Compound eyes Stemmata and Dorsal Ocelli Lateral ocelli (stemmata) Dorsal ocellus Dorsal ocelli larva of Lepidoptera (Holometabola/ Endopterygota) adult (or nymph) of Cicadidae (Hemimetabola/Exopterygota: Hemiptera) Head shape: Extreme effect of eyes antenna Odonata (s.o. Anisoptera) antenna antennae Diptera (a) (also sexually dimorphic) antenna Neuroptera (Ascalaphidae) Diptera (b) Aeschnidae (Odonata) Diopsidae (Diptera a) 4

Other modifications of the compound eye Odonata male Strepsiptera Thysanoptera Gyrinidae (Coleoptera) water surface Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera) Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera) male Ephemeroptera Ephemerida Sexual dimorphism: Male and female Drosophila (Diptera) Simple eyes: Stemmata and Dorsal Ocelli Stemmata and Dorsal Ocelli Lateral ocelli (stemmata) Dorsal ocellus Dorsal ocelli larva of Lepidoptera (Holometabola/ Endopterygota) adult (or nymph) of Cicadidae (Hemimetabola/Exopterygota: Hemiptera) Dorsal ocelli are commonly lost (even whole orders). Compound eyes usually retained, but lost in cavernicolous species. 5

Structure of the Antenna Johnston s Organ nerve fibers antennal suture socket antennifer nerve bundle extrinsic muscle FLAGELLUM PEDICEL (with annuli separating the SCAPE antennomeres) intrinsic muscle OR: antennifer Culicidae (Diptera) Lost in some endoparasites (Strepsiptera females) and ectoparasites (plant lice: Sternorrhyncha) scale insect (Coccidae) filiform setaceous Modifications of the antennae: moniliform clavate capitate serrate lamellate pectinate flabellate pedicel geniculate pedicel plumose (pedicel with Johnston s Organ) pedicel stylate aristate tactation (touch) mechanoreception (vibration & sound, e.g. mosquitoes) chemoreception (e.g. moths) prehension (sexual selection) 6

pectinate (Lepidoptera) aristate (muscoid Diptera) geniculate (Formicidae) Modifications of the antennae flabellate (Coleoptera) clavate (Lepidoptera) Trignathous insect mouthparts 123 4 5 6 7 I II III procephalon plus somite 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --- THORAX --- I II III procephalon plus somites 1, 2, 3 4 5 6 7 postoccipital suture I II III mandible (2) labium (4) maxilla (3) 7

Trignathous mouthparts: Back view pharynx salivary duct Lateral view labium maxilla mandible LABRUM MAXILLA cardo stipes palpifer lacinia galea maxillary palp HYPOPHARYNX mouth cibarium preoral cavity MANDIBLE point of articulation LABIUM salivarium labium hypopharynx abductor and adductor muscles molar area incisor area postmentum submentum mentum labial palp prementum glossa paraglossa suspensory sclerite Note serial homology of maxilla and labium lingual sclerite 8

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