CAUSES OF DIARRHEA, PNEUMONIA, AND ABORTION IN 1991 CATTLE SUBMISSIONS TO THE KSU VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY 1 1 2 R. K. Frnk, M. W. Vorhies, nd M. M. Chengpp Summry Cuses of dirrhe, pneumoni, nd ortion in Knss ttle sumissions to the Knss Stte University Veterinry Dignosti Lortory during 1991 were summrized. Antimiroil suseptiility results for Psteurell hemolyti, Psteurell multoid, Hemophilus somnus, nd Slmonell spp., the ommon uses of pneumoni nd/or dirrhe in ttle with inresing ntiioti resistne ptterns, were lso summrized. The most ommonly dignosed uses of dirrhe in young lves (under 1 month of ge) were oronvirus, Esherihi oli, nd Slmonell. The three most ommon uses of dirrhe in 1 to 18 month-old ttle were BVD virus, oidi, nd Slmonell. Most respirtory sumissions were 7- to 18-month-old ttle. P. hemolyti nd P. multoid were the most ommonly identified pthogens from these ttle. In 20% of the ses, more thn one pthogen ws identified. The most ommonly dignosed use of ortion ws teril infetion (20%), ut use ws not identified in nerly 70% of ortion sumissions. (Key Words: Disese, Dignosis, Dirrhe, Pneumoni, Aortion.) Introdution Enteri nd respirtory diseses ount for lrge eonomi losses to the ttle industry eh yer. Fetl wstge, inluding ortion, lso signifintly impts ow herds. An urte dignosis of the use of pneumoni, dirrhe, nd ortion is essentil for effetive prevention nd ontrol of the vrious uses of these diseses. Bovine respirtory disese or "shipping fever" is onsidered to result from omintion of virl nd teril infetions nd stress. Psteurell hemolyti is the most importnt pthogen in ftl ses nd my use respirtory disese in the sene of predisposing virus. Other teri frequently ontriute to pneumoni used y P. hemolyti, one dmge hs egun. Cuses of fetl ortion my e lssified s mternl or fetl. Mternl uses inlude physiologi hnges used y metoli disese, hormonl imlnes, nutritionl defiienies or imlnes, environmentl stresses or trum, toxins, nd infetious gents. Fetl nd plentl hnges re usully due to infetious gents inluding teri, viruses, fungi, or protozo. The present summry ws performed to demonstrte the reltive importne of vrious uses of enteri, respirtory, nd fetl wstge in Knss ttle determined t the dignosti lortory level. Experimentl Proedures Cttle dignoses nd ge were summrized for ses of dirrhe, pneumoni, nd ortion in ttle from omputer reords of sumissions to the KSU Veterinry Dignosti Lortory for lendr yer 1991. Speimens inluded 1,2 KSU College of Veterinry Mediine, Deprtments of Veterinry Dignosis nd Lortory Mediine, respetively. 70
rsses or tissues sumitted y prtiing veterinrins throughout Knss. Tissues sumitted for teril ulture or virl exmintion lone were not inluded in the present study. A dignosis ws mde following light mirosopi, teriologi, nd virologi exmintion of tissues, nd informtion ws summrized in omputer dtse. Antimiroil suseptiility studies were onduted using n utomted Sensititre system. Pthogeni teril isoltes were lssified s perentge suseptile, modertely suseptile, or resistnt to the vrious ntimiroil gents. Results nd Disussion Cuses nd numers of sumissions for dirrhe in ttle re summrized in Tle 1 ording to ge. Most sumissions for dirrhe were for lves less thn 1 month old (117 ses). In 8.5% of these sumissions, more thn one pthogen ws identified. The most ommon pthogens identified were oronvirus, E. oli, nd Slmonell (22.2%, 13.7%, nd 12.8% of sumissions, respetively). Few of the E. oli isoltes were K99 positive. Antiioti suseptiility results for Slmonell isoltes re summrized in Tle 2. None of the ntiiotis lered y the Food nd Drug Administrtion for use in ttle were effetive ginst more thn 39% of the Slmonell isoltes. The three most ommon uses of dirrhe in 1- to 18-month-old ttle were BVD virus, oidi, nd Slmonell. Cuses nd numers of sumissions for respirtory disese in ttle re summrized in Tle 3 ording to ge. Most sumissions for ses of pneumoni were from feedlot ttle 7 to 18 months of ge. The two most ommonly identified types of pneumoni in lves less thn 1 month old were tht used y P. multoid nd interstitil pneumoni (11.1% of sumissions eh). The ltter ws usully ssoited with septiemi (generlized teril infetion from Slmonell, E. oli, et.). In 1- to 6- month-old lves, P. multoid nd P. hemolyti (24.4% nd 20.0% of sumissions, respetively) were the most ommonly isolted pthogens. P. hemolyti nd P. multoid lso were the most ommonly isolted pthogens in yerlings with pneumoni (29.2% nd 17.7% of sumissions, respetively). In 20% of the yerling ses, more thn one pthogen ws identified, inluding vrious omintions of teri nd/or viruses. Antimiroil suseptiility results for P. multoid, Hemophilus somnus, nd P. hemolyti isoltes from ll 1991 ovine respirtory sumissions re summrized in Tle 2. The three most ommonly identified uses of ovine ortion were teri (pproximtely 20% of sumissions), BVD virus, nd IBR virus (Tle 4). Cses of dirrhe, pneumoni, or ortion with n idiopthi dignosis were those for whih no use ould e determined y routine lortory testing. The primry resons for no dignosis were 1) sumitting tissues from nimls extensively treted with ntiiotis or lte in the disese proess, 2) dvned postmortem hnge in sumitted tissues, nd 3) improper tissue olletion nd/or sumission y the referring veterinrin. Even with extensive lortory workup in ortion ses, the use ws not determined in nerly 70% of the ses, finding similr to those of most other U. S. dignosti lortories. 3 Rdiometer Ameri, Westlke, OH 44145. 71
Tle 1. Cuses of Dirrhe in Three Age Groups of Cttle for 1991 Dignosti Lortory Sumissions Age Group 0 to 1 mo. 1 to 6 mo. 7 to 18 mo. Cuse/Disese N % N % N % Bovine virus dirrhe 4 3.4 3 23.1 12 41.3 Clostridium perfringens 10 8.5 0 0 1 3.4 Coidiosis 2 1.7 2 15.4 10 34.5 Coronvirus 26 22.2 1 7.7 1 3.4 Cryptosporidium 11 9.4 0 0 0 0 E. oli 15 13.7 0 0 0 0 Idiopthi 25 21.4 4 30.8 3 10.3 Rotvirus 12 10.2 1 7.7 0 0 Slmonell 15 12.8 2 15.4 5 17.2 Virl 5 4.3 1 7.7 0 0 Misellneous 6 5.1 0 0 2 8.0 Totl dirrhe ses 117 13 29 Ext use of the dirrhe ould not e determined from sumitted speimens. N = numer of ourrenes; % = perentge of ses with this dignosis. Note tht numer of ourrenes is not the sme s numer of ses euse more thn one pthogen ws identified in some ses. 72
Tle 2. Antimiroil Suseptiility Results for Hemophilus somnus, Psteurell multoid, Psteurell hemolyti, nd Slmonell spp. Isolted from Cses of Dirrhe nd Pneumoni for 1991 t the KSU Veterinry Dignosti Lortory H. somnus P. multoid P. hemolyti Slmonell Antimiroil S I R N S I R N S I R N S I R N Ampiillin 69 0 31 16 59 8 30 86 39 2 59 123 29 1 70 76 Amikin 100 0 0 3 57 21 21 28 82 6 9 33 100 0 0 23 Augmentin 63 19 19 16 84 8 7 86 94 3 2 123 39 46 14 76 Ceftiofur 54 0 38 13 64 15 17 59 71 3 21 90 4 9 87 54 Tetryline 69 13 19 16 34 24 37 86 31 7 62 123 22 0 76 76 Cephlothin 31 25 38 16 66 9 21 86 77 7 15 123 63 5 32 76 Enrofloxin 81 13 6 16 88 5 6 86 91 3 4 123 97 1 1 76 Erythromyin 56 31 13 16 8 58 34 86 2 64 33 123 0 0 100 76 Gentmyin 56 19 19 16 58 21 19 86 80 14 6 123 66 1 33 76 Peniillin G 50 19 19 16 29 41 30 86 8 33 59 123 0 0 100 76 Spetinomyin 50 0 50 16 4 12 84 85 1 14 85 123 0 3 97 73 Neomyin 44 0 56 16 31 0 69 86 66 0 34 123 28 0 72 76 Sulfhlor- 33 0 33 3 11 15 74 27 24 18 55 33 5 0 95 22 pyridzine Sulfdi- 0 33 33 3 15 7 74 27 30 6 61 33 0 0 100 22 methoxine Trimethoprim/ 62 8 31 13 68 7 25 59 84 4 11 90 80 0 20 54 sulf S = % of isoltes suseptile; I = % of isoltes modertely suseptile; R = % of isoltes resistnt; N = Totl numer of isoltes tested. Antiiotis not lered y the FDA for systemi use in ttle. Ceftiofur (Nxel ) ws used t the 0.5 nd 1.0 mirogrm levels. Thirty of the 90 P. hemolyti isoltes were tested t the 1.0 nd 2.0 mirogrm levels; 29 isoltes were suseptile nd 1 ws resistnt.
Tle 3. Cuses of Respirtory Disese in Three Age Groups of Cttle for 1991 Dignosti Lortory Sumissions Age 0 to 1 mo. 1 to 6 mo. 7 to 18 mo. Cuse/Disese N % N % N % Atinomyes pyogenes 2 4.4 2 4.4 9 6.1 Atypil interstitil pneumoni 0 0 0 0 13 8.8 BVD virus 0 0 1 2.2 6 4.1 BRSV 1 2.2 1 2.2 9 6.1 Hemophilus somnus 1 2.2 8 17.8 15 10.2 Idiopthi 25 55.6 17 37.8 36 24.5 IBR virus 0 0 0 0 5 3.4 Interstitil pneumoni 5 11.1 2 4.4 8 5.4 PI 3 1 2.2 2 4.4 3 2.0 d Psteurell 2 4.4 1 2.2 5 3.4 Psteurell hemolyti 2 4.4 9 20.0 43 29.2 Psteurell multoid 5 11.1 11 24.4 26 17.7 Misellneous 1 2.2 3 6.7 1 0.7 Totl pneumoni ses 45 45 147 N = numer of ourrenes; % = perentge of ses with this dignosis. Note tht numer of ourrenes is not the sme s numer of ses euse more thn one pthogen ws identified in severl ses. BVD = ovine virus dirrhe; BRSV = ovine respirtory synytil virus; IBR = infetious ovine rhinotrheitis. Ext use of the pneumoni ouldn't e determined from d sumitted speimens. Other thn P. hemolyti nd P. multoid. Tle 4. Cuses of Aortion in Cttle for 1991 Dignosti Lortory Sumissions Cuse/Disese N % Idiopthi 137 69.5 Bteri 19 9.6 BVD virus 8 4.1 IBR virus 6 3.0 Chlmydi 5 2.5 Atinomyes pyogenes 4 2.0 Billus sp. 4 2.0 Esherihi oli 3 1.5 Virl 3 1.5 Leptospirosis 2 1.0 Myoti 2 1.0 Slmonell 2 1.0 Stphyloous ureus 1 0.5 Streptoous 1 0.5 Totl 197 N = numer of ses; % = perentge of totl ses. Cuse of ortion ould not e determined from the sumitted tissues or fetuses. BVD = ovine virus dirrhe; IBR = infetious ovine rhinotrheitis. 74