HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Anatomythe study of the structure of living organisms. Ex: studying the structure of the heart. Physiologythe study of how the body works. Ex: how the heart works to pump blood, etc. THE HUMAN BODY
CELL SPECIALIZATION Embryonic Stem Cells- formed during the first few divisions of the zygote. Have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. Cell Determination- stem cells become committed to develop into only one type of cell. Following this, these cells are considered to be adult stem cells. Cell Differentiation- cells acquire the structures and functions of highly specialized cells.
APOPTOSIS Apoptosisprogrammed cell death ie: webbing between human fingersmay also be used to rid the body of cells that aren t functioning properly.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Cells- basic unit of structure and function. Tissues- groups of similar cells working together to perform a specialized function. Organs- different types of tissues that function together. Organ Systems- two or more organs working in a coordinated way. Organism- all of the systems interacting and working together.
4 TYPES OF TISSUES Epithelial- protective sheets of tightly packed cells connected by special junctions. Ex: skin, membranes of stomach, lungs, nose, etc. Connective- supports and binds together and protects organs and tissues. Ex: tendons, bones, ligaments, and cartilage. Muscle- contracts to produce movement. Includes smooth (involuntary) and skeletal (voluntary) muscles. Nervous- transmits and receives information in response to stimuli. Processes information and regulates the body s response to the environment.
MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS There are 11 major body systems: Lymphatic/Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary/Excretory, Reproductive (male and female), Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, and Circulatory.
ANATOMICAL TERMS Proper Anatomical Position The body is upright Feet are slightly apart Palms facing forward, with thumbs pointed out Right and left refer to the right and left side of the cadavernot your right and left. Skeletal Terms Axial Skeleton - includes the head, neck and trunk. Appendicular Skeleton- includes the arms and legs (appendages)
ANATOMICAL TERMS Proximal/Distal Proximal- closer to the point of origin (trunk) Distal- further away from point of origin (trunk) Superficial/Deep Superficial- on the exterior Deep- on the inside
BODY PLANES Sagittal Plane- a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. Midsagittal (Median) Plane- a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline. Parasagittal (Lateral) Plane- a sagittal planes offset from the midline. Frontal (Coronal) Plane- divides the body into anterior and posterior Anterior- front (ventral) Posterior- back (dorsal) Transverse (Horizontal) Plane- divides the body into superior and inferior. Superior- toward the head Inferior- toward the feet
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BODY PLANES
EXIT SLIP What organ systems must work together to bring oxygen to the body s cells? A cell has undergone determination to become an endocrine gland cell. If it is transplanted to a leg muscle, what do you think will happen to this cell?
WARM UP EXERCISE 1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. 2. Give an anatomical reference using the terms anterior and posterior. 3. Give another anatomical reference using the terms lateral and medial. 4. Give one final reference using the terms posterior and inferior.
HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK Homeostasis- the regulation and maintenance of a constant internal environment. Includes: temperature, fluids, salts, ph, nutrients, and gases. Homeostasis is maintained through positive and negative feedback. Positive Feedback- the end product of a reaction speeds up/amplifies its own production. Ex: Growth hormones during puberty, blood clotting milk production Negative Feedback- an accumulation of an end product of a process slows down that process Ex: Holding your breath, hunger, body temperature, ATP production Most regulation occurs through negative feedback.
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE Thermoregulation- the process of maintaining a steady body temperature under a variety of conditions. Hypothalamus- a region in the brain that monitors and regulates body temperature.
DIABETES Normal Glucose Control- when glucose levels gets too high in blood, pancreas releases insulin which causes cells to uptake glucose and liver stores glucose as glycogen. When glucose is low, glucagon is released from liver and broken down into glucose until blood glucose levels reach a certain point. Type 1- occurs when the body s immune system destroys the ability of specialized cells to produce insulin. (Cells can t uptake glucose) Type 2- when insulin production decreases or when insulin cannot move glucose into cells.
WARM UP EXERCISE 5. What is the specific location in the brain responsible for regulating temperature? 6. What does the term homeostasis mean? 7. Name the four main tissue types. 8. Explain the difference in the axial and appendicular skeleton.
HOW ORGANS COMMUNICATE Two major systems allow cells to communicate: Nervous System- a network of connected cells tissues and organs that help control many life processes. The nervous system sends messages that runs along a specific pathway through specialized tissues until they reach their target cell. Works rapidly with short quick response. Endocrine System- a collection of organs that help control growth, development and response to the environment. The endocrine system sends a broad message, through the blood stream in the form of molecules called hormones. Only cells with receptors for a specific hormones can respond to its signal. Responds more slowly, but the duration of the response is longer.
HOW ORGANS COMMUNICATE Stimulus- anything that causes a response. Change can be chemical, cellular, or behavioral.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is divided into 2 major parts: Central Nervous System (CNS)- includes the brain and the spinal cord. Interprets messages from other nerves in the body and stores some of the messages for later use. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- includes nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord. Helps transmit messages between the brain and other organs in the body.
NEURONS Neuron- a specialized cell that stores information and carries messages within the nervous system and between other body systems.
TYPES OF NEURONS There are three main types of neurons Sensory Neurons- detect stimuli and transmit signals to the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons- make up the brain and spinal cord. Receive signals from sensory neurons and process the information to pass the signals on the motor neurons. Motor Neurons- pass messages from the nervous system to other tissues in the body, such as muscles.
RESTING POTENTIAL Neurons transmit information in the form of electrical and chemical impulses. When neurons aren t transmitting a signal, they are considered to be at rest. While at rest, the neuron maintains a negative charge, called the resting potential- this is the potential energy needed to transmit a nerve impulse.
RESTING POTENTIAL Two types of ions (Na + /K + ) allow for the resting potential. More Na + ions are present on the outside than inside, and fewer K + ions are present on the outside that inside. Sodium-Potassium Pumpprotein channel found in the membrane of the neuron- transports Na+ out and brings K+ ion. (active transport) This helps maintain resting potential.
EXIT SLIP Which system- nervous or endocrine- allows you to react to slam on your brakes when the someone stops quickly in front of you? How might a clogged blood vessel affect the nervous system s and endocrine system s abilities to deliver signals? How does a neuron s shape allow it to send signals across long distances?