Osteoporosis: A Tale of 3 Task Forces! Robert A. Adler, MD McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia, USA
Disclosures The opinions are those of the speaker and not necessarily those of the Department of Veterans Affairs
Topics and Task Forces ASBMR Long Term Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis AACE Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Guideline ACR Guideline for Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
American College of Rheumatology - GIOP Categorizes patients by age and by fracture risk (FRAX) For patients on > 2.5 mg of prednisone equivalent daily High dose = > 30 mg/day or > 5 grams/year. For discussion, focus on adults only Very evidence based Disclosure: Membership on expert panel that helped develop the PICO (population/intervention/comparator/outcomes) questions. L Buckley, Arthritis Care Res 2017; doi 10.1002/acr.23279
ACR-GIOP: Definition - High Risk Adults > 40 Years Old Prior osteoporotic Fracture BMD < -2.5 (spine, hip) for postmenopausal women, men > 50 years old FRAX MOF > 20% FRAX Hip > 3% Adults < 40 Years Old Prior osteoporotic fracture
ACR-GIOP: Definition - Moderate Risk Adults > 40 Years Old FRAX MOF 10-19% FRAX Hip > 1% < 3% Adults < 40 Years Old BMD (spine, hip) Z-score < -3 OR > 10% loss in 1 year AND > 7.5 mg Prednisone Equivalent for > 6 months
ACR-GIOP: Definition -Low Risk on GC Adults > 40 Years Old No osteoporotic fractures FRAX MOF < 10% FRAX Hip < 1% Adults < 40 Years Old No osteoporotic fractures
ACR-GIOP: First Evaluation Adults > 40 Years Old FRAX with GC Dose Correction BMD within 6 months of GC Rx Adults < 40 Years Old BMD within 6 months of GC Rx IF h/o osteoporotic fracture OR other risk factors
FRAX Correction for GC Dose For GC Dose > 7.5 mg Prednisone Equivalent/Day: Multiply MOF Risk by 1.15 Multiply Hip Risk by 1.2 L Buckley Arthritis Care Res 2017; doi 10.1002/acr.23279
Re-Assessment: Patients < 40 Years Old Clinical assessment every year BMD every 2 or 3 years only if: History of Osteoporotic Fracture OR Z-score < -3 at hip or spine OR > 10%/year loss at spine or hip BMD OR Very high dose GC Rx OR Other osteoporosis risk factors
Re-Assessment: Patients > 40 Years Old Clinical re-assessment every year If no h/o treatment FRAX every 1-3 years with BMD if available Clinical assessment yearly If OP Rx has been completed (e.g. patient stopped GC) BMD every 2-3 years
Re-Assessment: Patients > 40 Years Old Clinical re-assessment every year While on Osteoporosis Treatment, BMD every 2-3 years ONLY IF: Very high dose GC OR OP Fracture at least 18 months after starting OP Rx OR Poor medication adherence OR Other Osteoporosis risk factors
Initial Rx: For All Adults including Low Risk Adults > 40 years old Calcium intake of 800-1000 mg/day, preferably in diet Vitamin D 600-800 units/day Smoking cessation, limit EtOH Weight bearing or resistance exercise
Initial Rx: Moderate Risk: Adults > 40 years old Add oral bisphosphonates Prefer to: IV bisphosphonates more risk Teriparatide cost and injection burden Denosumab lack of safety data in immunosuppressed patients Raloxifene lack of data in GIOP and potential clotting harms
Initial Rx: High Risk Adults > 40 years old Add oral bisphosphonate Prefer to: IV Bisphosphonate more risk Teriparatide cost and injection burden Denosumab lack of safety data in immunosuppressed patients Raloxifene lack of data in GIOP and potential clotting harms
Initial Rx: Low Risk Patients < 40 Years Old Dietary Calcium Vitamin D Exercise
Initial Rx: Moderate to High Risk < 40 Y.O. Add oral bisphosphonate Prefer to: IV Bisphosphonate higher risk profile Teriparatide cost and injection burden Denosumab lack of safety data in immunosuppressed patients
Rx in Women of Childbearing Potential at Moderate to High Risk Add oral bisphosphonate Second line Rx: teriparatide Third line: IV bisphosphonates, teriparatide Use contraception
What Ifs for Patients > 40 Years Old If Fracture or 10%/year bone loss after 18 months of oral bisphosphonate and still on GC Teriparatide or denosumab or IV bisphosphonate If still on GC after 5 years of oral bisphosphonate Continue oral bisphosphonate or switch to IV or other Rx If off GC and now at low risk Stop oral bisphosphonate, continue calcium and D If off GC but still at moderate to high risk Complete course of osteoporosis Rx
Pathophysiology of GIOP Early increase in bone resorption Early and profound decrease in bone formation Increase of fracture risk as early as 3 months of GC Rx Osteoblasts are turned off: Anabolics turn on osteoblasts Other pathophysiology less important Decreased muscle strength Hypercalciuria Hypogonadism
Teriparatide vs. Alendronate in GIOP 3 Year Study in 428 women and men Fracture Type Alendronate (n = 214) TPTD (n =214) P Value > 1 morphometric vertebral > 1 clinical vertebral (n = 169/173) 13 (7.7%) 3 (1.7%) < 0.01 4 (2.4%) 0 < 0.05 > 1 non-vertebral 15 (7.0%) 16 (7.5%) NS > 1 non-vertebral fragility 5 (2.3%) 9 (4.2) NS KG Saag Arthritis Rheum 60:3346, 2009
ACR-GIOP Conclusions 15 Slides to Explain Guideline Who is going to read it? Many docs prescribe glucocorticoids! Not much different from 2010 version Value judgement in preferring oral bisphosphonates Chose to ignore pathophysiology of GIOP and apparent superiority of anabolic Rx for high risk patients.
Long Term Bisphosphonate Rx J Bone Miner Res 31:16-35, 2016
Adler s Approach: Duration of Bisphosphonate Rx 5 years of oral Rx for high fracture risk i.v. zoledronic acid q 18-20+ months = 5 years of Rx Clinical assessment annually; DXA at 2-3 years At 5 years, assess fracture risk again DXA (T < -2.5), history of fracture Side effects risks predictable? Other factors Meds (e.g. continuing glucocorticoids, ADT, Aromatase Inhibitors) Falling and frailty Competing causes of mortality Assess again periodically RA Adler J Bone Miner Res 31:16, 2016; RA Adler Endocrine 51: 222, 2016 J Ward Osteoporos Int 27:2681, 2016; A Gustafsson Bone 88:125, 2016
Reduced Bisphosphonate Prescription Rates Starting in 2008 S Jha, J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30:2179-2187.
DXA, Diagnosis, Reimbursement 26% 24% Percent of Women Age 65+ 22% 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% DXA Medicare Payments $139 Osteoporosis Diagnosis DXA Testing $82 13.2% 17.9% $42 14.8% 10% 11.3% Direct Research LLC, Medicare PSPS Master Files and Medicare 5 Percent Sample LDS SAF, analysis by Peter M. Steven, PhD.
Nonadherence Must take 75-80% of Rx in order to show fracture ~50% of patients still on Rx at 1 year Reasons for poor adherence No symptoms: osteoporosis is silent until fracture Complex dosing regimens Cost no longer a problem Concern about side effects MI Williams & VI Petkov in RA Adler, ed, Osteoporosis-2nd Ed, 2010.
No More Hip Fracture Rate 26% Hip Fracture Rates 900 Percent of Women Age 65+ 24% 22% 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 884 DXA Medicare Payments $139 Osteoporosis Diagnosis DXA Testing $82 13.2% 17.9% 738 693 14.8% $42 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 Fractures per 100,000 Women Age 65+ Age-adjusted to the 2014 Age Distribution 10% 11.3% 500 Direct Research LLC, Medicare PSPS Master Files and Medicare 5 Percent Sample LDS SAF, analysis by Peter M. Steven, PhD.
Drug Prices Per Month Drug U.S. Retail U.S. Veterans Denmark Italy Alendronate - Weekly Risedronate - Monthly Zoledronic Acid Annually Denosumab Q 6 months Teriparatide Daily 6.45 4.27 2.10 17.08 76.87 33.98 13.90 90.90 10.69 9.67 27.34 160.00 93.00 55.17 29.75 2328.00 792.56 350.00 384.00
New Paradigm? How would you treat the high risk patient if: All osteoporosis meds cost the same as generic oral alendronate? Could be prescribed without jumping through hoops? Patient care was based on what is best for the patient?
Future Rx for GIOP and Other High Risk? Anabolics first in many cases Add an anti-resorptive Then, after some months, d/c anabolic Re-introduce anabolic temporarily after some period (2-3 years?) while continuing anti-resorptive Do a femoral shaft x-ray on DXA every year
DATA-SWITCH Study BZ Leder, Lancet 386:1147, 2015
DATA Follow Up Study 0-1 Lumbar Sp Total Hip Fem Neck -2-3 -4-5 -6 No Rx Any Rx -7-8 -9-10 BZ Leder, Bone 98:54, 2017
Vert Fx 8-16 months after Stopping Denosumab: 112 Fractures in 24 Women AD Anastasilakis J Bone Miner Res 32:1291, 2017
From: Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With OsteoporosisA Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA. 2016;316(7):722-733. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11136 Date of download: 4/17/2017 Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With OsteoporosisA Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA. 2016;316(7):722-733. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11136 Date of download: 4/17/2017 Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With OsteoporosisA Randomized Clinical Trial Date of download: 4/17/2017 Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
LS: Abalo vs. PLO X 18 mos; then ALN 14 12 10 8 6 AB then ALN PLO then ALN 4 2 0 6 months 12 months 18 months 25 months F Cosman Mayo Clin Proc 92:200, 2017
Non-Pharmacologic Rx Attain Maximal Skeletal Growth Calcium + Vitamin D Fracture Risk Fall Risk Reduction Improve lower body muscle strength Tai chi, yoga, weight-bearing exercise Good vision Walking aids Home safety CM Weaver, Osteoporos Int 27: 367, 2016
Maximize the Benefit/Risk Ratio Find the patients most likely to benefit Previous fragility fracture a sentinel event! Glucocorticoids Aromatase inhibitors, ADT, etc. Find those at particular risk for hip fracture Older women hip fracture: 15-20% 1 year mortality Older men hip fracture: 25-35% 1 year mortality Those that survive: half lose independence!
?Minimize Risks for Side Effects? ONJ Poor dental hygiene Invasive dental procedure (e.g., extraction) Atypical Femoral Fractures Active younger woman with osteopenia? East Asian ethnicity? Femoral geometry? Varus angle of femoral neck and shaft? Bowing of femur? Image on DXA machine every year? Z Mahjoub J Bone Miner Res 31:767, 2016; JC Lo Bone 85:142, 2016
Long Term Rx: Adler s Approach 2017 Test: Is the patient at risk for fracture? Test: Mitigate risk factors for side effects? Treat the patient with highest Benefit/Risk Treat in the correct sequence Tell the patient: plan for 5 years of Rx Test again after 2-3 years of Rx Test again at 5 years Talk to the patient at 5 years Test again every 2 years RA Adler, Endocrine 51:222, 2016