PENDER KUL PTENTIATIN EFFECTS F SME NN-AZADIRACHTIN LIMNIDS IN NEEM AGAINST LEPIDPTERAN LARVAE
STATUS F NEEM LIMNIDS MRE THAN 120 BILGICAL ACTIVE STRUCTURE IDENTIFIED MLECULES REPRESENTING 16 CLASSES F LIMNIDS
MST ACTIVE GRUP F LIMNIDS AZADIRACHTINS C CH 3 R 1 11 R 4 H 1 3 R 2 H 3 CC R 3 AZADIRACHTIN- A (1) R 1 =, R 2 = Ac, R 3 = H, R 4 = H (2) R 1 = H, R 2 =, R 3 = R 4 = H
AZADIRACHTIN CNTENT NEEM SEEDS TYPICALLY CNTAIN 0.2 T 0.6% AZADIRACHTIN BY WEIGHT WHICH IS REQUIRED T BE CNCENTRATED T THE LEVEL F 10 T 50% IN TECHNICAL GRADE MATERIALS FR CMMERCIAL PURPSES
ECTYPE VARIATINS IT IS WELL DCUMENTED NW THAT ECTYPE VARIATINS F NEEM TREES D INFLUENCE THE AZADIRACHTIN CNTENT
ECTYPE VARIATINS UR STUDIES FRM MID 1990s N VARIUS ECTYPES SHWED VARYING AZADIRACHTIN CNTENT DEPENDING N THE CLIMATE, SIL TYPE, AND ALTITUDE. INTERESTING BSERVATIN WAS THE TTAL ABSENCE F AZADIRACHTIN IN SME ECTYPES, BUT EXTRACTS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ACTIVE
NN-AZADIRACHTIN TYPE F LIMNIDS IT WAS BVIUS THAT ACTIVITY WAS DUE T NN- AZADIRACHTIN TYPE F LIMNIDS. THEREFRE, DURING PAST FIVE YEARS WE HAVE CNCENTRATED N THE STUDY F THESE LIMNIDS AS A MULTI-CMPNENT DEFENSE STRATEGY
NN-AZADIRACHTIN TYPE F LIMNIDS FUR GRUPS SELECTED WERE AZADIRADINE TYPE SALANNIN TYPE GEDUNIN TYPE NIMBINEN TYPE ALNG WITH AZADIRACHTIN AS STANDARD ACTIVE LIMNID
NN-AZADIRACHTIN TYPE F LIMNIDS CH 3 Ac Nimbinene Ac Ac Azadiradione Gedunin CH 3 C 3 Salannin
EVALUATIN ASSAYS Growth inhibition Choice feeding Nutritional analysis Synergistic evaluation and potentiation analysis Field evaluation
EVALUATIN ASSAYS Helicoverpa armigera Spodoptera litura [Neonate, Third and Fourth stage larvae were used for evaluation]
Gedunin Hydroxy gedunin Salannin Salannol 3--Acetyl salannol Azadiradione Nimbocinol Neonate treatments 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 H. armigera S. litura Azadirachtin EC 50 (ppm)
Gedunin Hydroxy gedunin Salannol Salannin 3--Acetyl salannol Azadiradione Nimbocinol Spodoptera litura 4 th Instar (Feeding assay) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Azadirachtin FI50 (ug/cm2)
EVALUATIN ASSAYS NEXT STEP WAS T ESTABLISH THAT WHICH CMPUNDS WERE ABSLUTE ANTIFEEDANTS AND WHICH NES INDUCED PHYSILGICAL TXICITY. ACCRDINGLY ALL THE CMPUNDS WERE SUBJECTED T NUTRITINAL ANALYSIS
EVALUATIN ASSAYS ACCRDINGLY RELATIVE GRWTH PER UNIT WEIGHT (RGRi); RELATIVE CNSUMPTIN PER UNIT WEIGHT (RCRi) AT THE UTSET F EXPERIMENT ALNG WITH EFFICIENCY F CNVERSIN F INGESTED FD (ECI), EFFICIENCY F CNVERSIN F DIGESTED FD (ECD) AND APPRXIMATE DIGESTIBILITY (AD) WERE DETERMINED.
EVALUATIN ECI IS AN VERALL MEASURE F AN INSECT S ABILITY T UTILIZE THE FD THAT IT INGESTS FR GRWTH. THEREFRE, DECREASE IN ECI INDICATES THAT MRE FD IS BEING METABLIZED FR ENERGY BUT LESS IS CNVERTED INT BDY GRWTH
DIETARY UTILIZATIN ral feeding H. armigera (150 ppm) RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) 3--acetyl salannol 1.49 2.90 52.3 Salannol 1.72 3.32 51.8 Salannin 1.73 3.43 51.6 Control 2.79 5.23 53.5
DIETARY UTILIZATIN Topical application H. armigera (10 µg/insect) RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) 3--acetyl salannol 2.87 5.38 52.7 Salannol 3.01 5.66 52.9 Salannin 2.98 5.40 53.4 Control 3.00 5.61 54.0
DIETARY UTILIZATIN ral feeding S. litura (150 ppm) RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) 3--acetyl salannol 1.89 3.63 52.0 Salannol 2.16 4.22 51.8 Salannin 2.23 4.45 50.1 Control 3.49 6.75 51.8
DIETARY UTILIZATIN Topical application S. litura (10 µg/insect) RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) 3--acetyl salannol 3.87 6.48 59.7 Salannol 3.88 6.59 57.9 Salannin 2.90 6.68 58.3 Control 3.80 6.61 56.9
DIETARY UTILIZATIN ral feeding H. armigera RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) 6β-Hydroxygedunin 1.37 3.83 35.3 Gedunin 1.59 4.02 39.2 Nimbinene 1.83 3.41 53.6 Azadirachtin 1.43 2.86 50.9 Control 2.79 5.23 53.5
DIETARY UTILIZATIN Topical application H. armigera RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) 6β-Hydroxygedunin 1.57 4.83 32.9 Gedunin 2.02 5.04 40.1 Nimbinene 3.08 5.66 55.0 Azadirachtin 1.33 5.21 25.5 Control 3.00 5.61 54.5
DIETARY UTILIZATIN ral feeding H. armigera RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) Nimbocinol 1.45 3.91 37.9 Azadiradione 1.42 3.73 39.1 14-Epoxyazadiradione 1.34 3.41 36.6 Azadirachtin 1.43 2.86 50.9 Control 2.69 5.03 53.5
DIETARY UTILIZATIN Topical application H. armigera RGRi RCRi ECI mg/mg/d mg/mg/d (%) Nimbocinol 1.89 4.91 38.7 Azadiradione 1.99 5.03 39.9 14-Epoxyazadiradione 1.98 5.06 34.0 Azadirachtin 1.33 5.21 25.5 Control 3.13 5.71 54.6
DIETARY UTILIZATIN ANTIFEEDANTS SALANNIN SALANNL 3--ACETYLSALANNL NIMBINENE AZADIRACHTIN TXINS GEDUNIN 6β-HYDRXYGEDUNIN NIMBCINL 14-EPXYAZADIRADINE AZADIRACHTIN
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS THE CMPUNDS WERE CMBINED IN EQUAL PRPRTINS (2 mg EACH) AND FINAL CNCENTRATINS WERE MADE IN THE RANGE F EC 50 VALUES F MST ACTIVE CMPNENT IN THE CMBINATIN. THIS WAS DNE T ENSURE THAT AT LEAST 50% INHIBITIN BY THE MST ACTIVE CMPNENT IN ALL CASES WAS ACHIEVED
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) Nimbocinol+Azadirachtin 0.19 0.26 (0.1 0.5) Nimbocinol+Azadiradion 87.5 91.8 (75 125) Nimbocinol+Salannin 45.3 58.1 (40 100) Salannin+Azadiradione 48.9 60.4 (40 100)
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS (Contd.) Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) Salannin+Azadirachtin 0.22 0.26 (0.1 0.5) Nimbocinol+Azadiradione+ 56.2 59.4 Salannin(40 100) Nimbocinol+Azadirachtin+ 0.21 0.23 Azadiradione+Salannin (0.1 0.5)
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS (Contd.) Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) 3--acetyl salannol+salannol 70.8 71.6 (25 200) 3--acetyl salannol+salannin 78.5 77.8 (25 200) Salannol+salannin 80.8 81.1 (25 200) 3--acetyl salannol+salannol 71.9 70.7 +salannin(25 200)
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS (Contd.) Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) 6β-Hydroxygedunin+Gedunin 33.2 28.1 (10 50) 6β-Hydroxygedunin+Azadirachtin 0.28 0.22 (0.1 0.5) 6β-Hydroxygedunin+Nimbinene 20.8 19.6 (10 50) 6β-hydroxygedunin+Salannin 17.7 18.5 (10 50)
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS (Contd.) Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) Nimbinene+Salannin 130.4 118.6 (40 140) 6β-hydroxygedunin+Salannin+ 16.8 17.0 Nimbinene(10 50) Gedunin+Salannin+ 37.9 30.9 Nimbinene(20 80) 6β-hydroxygedunin+Gedunin+ 14.7 14.9 Salannin+Nimbinene (10 50)
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS (Contd.) Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) 6β-Hydroxygedunin+Gedunin 33.2 28.1 (10 50) 6β-Hydroxygedunin+Azadirachtin 0.28 0.22 (0.1 0.5) 6β-Hydroxygedunin+Nimbinene 20.8 19.6 (10 50) 6β-hydroxygedunin+Salannin 17.7 18.5 (10 50)
CMBINATIN F LIMNIDS (Contd.) Combinations H. armigera S. litura (ppm range) EC 50 (ppm) EC 50 (ppm) 6β-hydroxygedunin+Gedunin 0.27 0.23 +Salannin+Nimbinene+ Azadirachtin (0.1 0.5) Individual EC 50 (ppm) of Azadirachtin = 0.26 & 0.21; 6β-Hydroxygedunin = 24.2 & 21.5; Gedunin = 50.8 & 40.4; Salannin = 74.5 & 72.0 and Nimbinene = 391.4 & 404.5, 3--acetylsalannol = 64.2 and 65.6; salannol = 79.7 and 77.4; nimbocinol = 82.4 and 92.2 and azadiradione = 109.6 and 102.1 against the two species evaluated, respectively.
IN FIELD To perform field trials of developed materials against Helicoverpa armigera, Assess the standardization of various multicomponents in cotton and cruciferous vegetables with their systemic action and persistence
IN FIELD
IN FIELD
HYPTHESIS- I THAT AZADIRACHTIN, BEING THE MST PTENT CMPUND IN NEEM AND EFFICACIUS AT VERY LW CNCENTRATINS, IS NT INFLUENCED BY ANY THER NEEM ALLELCHEMICAL.
HYPTHESIS- II MIXTURES F MDERATELY ACTIVE NN- AZADIRACHTIN LIMNIDS D SHW INCREASED ACTIVITY IF THEY ARE DIFFERENT STRUCTURALLY, AS WELL AS HAVING DIFFERENT MDES F ACTIN AND CMPUNDS WITH VERY CLSE STERECHEMISTRY MUST CMPETE FR THE SAME TARGET SITE.
HYPTHESIS It is obvious that various combinations, therefore, could be useful in developing mixed formulations for pest management. Mixtures of several compounds will also ensure that the formulations have a variety of toxic, growth inhibitory and antifeedant effects. Such complexes are desirable in that the target spectrum is widened, because different species respond differently to individual compounds. These mixtures are also likely to reduce the potential for development of genetic resistance or development of behavioural desensitization.
NEEM + Bt Recently we have applied this multicomponent strategy to incorporate Bt in the mixtures. Findings suggest that such mixture of neem and Bt induce growth inhibition and mortality even when used at sublethal levels of Bt It has also been demonstrated that depending on the concentration combination, there was enhancement of toxicity, and the treatment duration was reduced significantly.