Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception. A) proteins B) fatty acids C) RNA D) phospholipids E) steroids 1) 2) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to A) produce DNA. B) undergo nuclear division. C) synthesize proteins. D) metabolize sugars. E) maintain its balance. 2) 3) Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by A) protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein. B) a basement membrane. C) a basal lamina. D) A and B E) A, B, and C 3) 4) Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? A) muscle B) connective C) epithelial D) neural E) A, C, and D 4) 5) The type of junction protein important in growth and development are A) claudins. B) CAMs. C) occludins. D) integrins. E) connexins. 5) 6) The term secretion refers to A) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space. B) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. C) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. D) the manufacture and assembly of a material. E) None of the above describe secretion. 6) 1
7) Microtubules A) form cilia that aid in cell movement. B) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. C) are composed of tubulin. D) are hollow, filamentous structures. E) all of the above 7) 8) Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? A) sphingolipids B) phospholipids C) cholesterol D) All of the above are membrane lipids. 8) 9) Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. A) 3, 1, 4, 2 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 1, 3, 2, 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 1, 3, 4, 2 9) 10) The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to A) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. B) the Golgi complex for packaging. C) the cell membrane for secretion. D) the nucleus for cellular use. E) the lysosome for modification. 10) 11) Plasma is to blood as is to cytoplasm. A) cytosol B) serum C) organelle D) inclusion E) protein 11) 12) Microvilli are found A) mostly in muscle cells. B) on the inside of cell membranes. C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. D) only on cells lining the reproductive tract. E) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. 12) 13) Mature nerve and muscle cells are expected to lack which organelle? A) ribosomes B) nucleus C) endoplasmic reticulum D) centrioles E) Golgi bodies 13) 2
14) The heaviest organ in the body is the A) stomach. B) brain. C) liver. D) skin. E) urinary bladder. 14) 15) Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the A) Golgi complex. B) microtubules. C) ribosomes. D) mitochondria. E) rough endoplasmic reticulum. 15) 16) The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as A) plasma. B) cytosol. C) extracellular fluid. D) protoplasm. E) cytoplasm. 16) 17) Cells that store fat are called A) adipocytes. B) fibroblasts. C) mast cells. D) melanocytes. E) liposomes. 17) 18) The control center for cellular operations is the A) ribosomes. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) mitochondria. D) Golgi complex. E) nucleus. 18) 19) Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have on their apical surface. A) junctional complexes B) mitochondria C) cilia or flagella D) microvilli E) vesicles 19) 3
20) A layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes A) endothelium. B) the basal lamina. C) interfacial canals. D) areolar tissue. E) the reticular lamina. 20) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Match the type of cell junction with the best description. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction 21) simplest cell-cell junction 21) 22) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through. 22) The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 23) This tissue is composed of cells with membrane extensions that beat in a coordinated fashion to move fluid and particles across the tissue. 23) 24) Cells are transformed into specialized units during. 24) 25) Cancer is not one disease but a group of related diseases, caused by abnormal genes, environmental factors, and/or viral infections. Describe the basic common characteristics of cancers, including the role of anchoring junctions and proteases. What is a tumor? What is metastasis? Is cancer usually considered to be contagious? Explain. 25) 26) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called. 26) 27) The study of tissue structure and function is called. 27) 28) proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. 28) 4
The five functional types of epithelia are listed below. Match each type with its location and/or description. A. exchange B. transport C. ciliated D. protective E. secretory 29) Found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces. 29) 30) Sketch a short series of simple columnar epithelial cells. Label each of the three different borders. Briefly explain the different kinds of activities that may go on at each border, and tell how their structures and junctions support these functions. 30) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 31) Describe the progression of a fertilized egg, from totipotent cell through pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. How might stem cells be of therapeutic value? What is plasticity? 32) Define, compare, and contrast each term listed and explain how the terms are related to each other: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi body. 33) Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton, and list its functions. 34) Describe the composition and function of the extracellular matrix. 35) What type of epithelium would one expect to compose the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs? Defend your answer. 5
Answer Key Testname: CHAPTER3 1) C 2) B 3) E 4) E 5) B 6) A 7) E 8) D 9) E 10) B 11) A 12) E 13) D 14) D 15) A 16) C 17) A 18) E 19) D 20) B 21) A 22) nuclear pores 23) C 24) differentiation 25) Cancer results when cells begin to divide and grow and do not respond to normal controls that would limit their growth. Anchoring junctions eventually fail to keep the cancer cells together, allowing them to spread to other organs where they continue to grow uncontrolled. Some cancer cells secrete proteases that improve their ability to spread or metastasize. A tumor is a lump of cancerous cells. Cancer is usually not contagious, being caused instead by genetic mutations in an individual or exposure to environmental factors by that individual; exceptions are cancers caused by viruses, which are believed to be the minority. 26) glands 27) histology 28) Peripheral 29) D 30) This is discussed in the "Tissues of the Body" section of the chapter. 31) This is discussed in the "Tissue Remodeling" section of the chapter. 32) All are structures involved in synthesis of biomolecules. All but ribosomes are membranous structures. Ribosomes may be free or attached to ER, making it rough. See Fig. 3-12 in the chapter. 33) The cytoskeleton consists of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules and forms a scaffolding throughout the cytoplasm. An interesting feature is that some of the proteins are relatively fixed in position, whereas others can be rapidly assembled or disassembled as necessary. The functions include providing mechanical strength and shape, stabilizing position of organelles, intracellular transport system, functional linkage to other cells and to extracellular space, and cell-generated movements. 34) In any tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of two basic components proteoglycans and insoluble proteins. The matrix plays an important role in processes ranging from growth and development to cell death. The matrix aids in cell communication with its environment by attaching to the cell membrane or cytoskeleton. 6 35) Since gases must diffuse across the alveoli and associated capillaries you would expect to find exchange epithelia, composed of very thin cells (simple squamous epithelium). Thicker types of epithelial cells would slow the process of gas diffusion to and from the blood.