COMBINATIO OF PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL AS SUBSTITUTES FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN CORN-BASED, GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS 1,2 J. O. llri 3, E. R. Miller 4, D. E. UUrey 4, P. K. Ku 4 and M. G. Hgberg a Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824 $umnwry Ninety-six pigs (average initial weight 20.9 kg) were assigned randmly within each f tw replicates in grups f eight t a crnsybean meal diet, a crn-peanut meal diet and fur ther diets in which peanut meal and flash-dried bld meal (FDBM) cmpletely replaced sybean meal. The six diets were calculated t be nutritinally adequate and islysinic during the grwer (.75% lysine fr 8 wk) and finisher (.60% lysine fr 4 wk) phases. Rate and efficiency f gains were lwer (P<.05) in pigs receiving the crnpeanut meal diet in cmparisn with thse n the ther diets. Over the entire 12-wk perid, rate and efficiency f gain were similar in pigs cnsuming the basal crn-sybean meal diet and the crn plus 15 t 20% peanut meal + 3 t 4% FDBM diets. Apparent bilgical value and net prtein utilizatin were lwer (P<.05) in pigs cnsuming the crnpeanut meal diet. Hwever, dietary treatments did nt affect energy, Ca r P utilizatin. Carcass measurements were als nt significantly influenced by dietary treatments. (Key Wrds: Swine, Peanut-Bld Meal, Sybean Meal, Nutrient Balance, Carcass Measurements.) Intrductin Althugh peanut meal has been evaluated in feeds fr pigs (Brks and Thmas, 1959; 1Michigan AgT. Exp. StL Jurnal Article N. 11072. 2This study was supprted in part by the Internatinal Atmic Energy Agency (I.A.E.A.) in Vienna, Austria. 3Present address: ' Dept. f Anim. Sci., Univ. f lfe, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 4Dept. f Anim. Sci. Received December 7, 1983. Accepted February 21, 1984. Cmbs et al., 1963; Ork et al., 1975;Balgun and Kch, 1979b), very little infrmatin has been reprted n the effect f a peanutbld meal diet fr pigs. Nigeria prduces abundant amunts f peanut meal and a very limited amunt f sybean meal. Peanut meal cmprises between 20 and 25% f the ttal diet in mst pultry and swine frmulatins in current use in Nigeria. Palm kernel cake is used t the extent f abut 5 t 10%, while cttnseed meal is nt used much in swine and pultry diets because f the lack f technlgy within Nigeria t eliminate gssypl-a phenlic cmpund with antinutritinal effects. There is, therefre, a cmplete reliance n peanut meal which is lw in lysine (Brks and Thmas, 1959), methinine + cystine and, pssibly threnine fr feeding pultry and swine. Sybean meal is higher in critical amin acids than peanut meal but is used little in Nigeria because f its high cst f imprtatin. Bld meal made frm bld cllected at the slaughter f pigs and cattle is high in prtein and lysine. Its lack f use in swine diets is due primarily t the pr availability f lysine as a result f the extended high temperatures used during the batch drying prcess. Hwever, in recent years new rapid drying methds have been develped. Bld meal that has been flashdried by the ring r drum prcess has been shwn t have a high available lysine. Miller and Parsns (1981) reprted the biavailable lysine in ring-dried pig and cattle bld and steam-drum dried cattle bld t be 6.5 t 7% n an as fed basis. Because peanut meal is abundantly available in Nigeria and there is the pssibility f prductin f large amunts f flash-dried bld meal (FDBM), this study was designed t find what cmbinatins f crn, peanut meal and FDBM wuld supprt perfrmance equivalent t r superir t a crn-sybean meal diet fr grwing-finishing pigs. 394 JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vl. 59, N. 2, 1984
PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL IN SWINE DIETS 395 Materials and Methds Ninety-six grwing Durc x Yrkshire and Landrace x Durc crssbred pigs averaging 20.9 kg were alltted randmly int pens f eight pigs. Tw replicate pens f pigs were assigned t each f the six dietary treatments shwn in table 1. A simple substitutin f peanut meal fr sybean meal n a prtein basis was cnsidered unsatisfactry in frmulating the diets because this wuld autmatically cause the experimental diets t be deficient in lysine and ther essential amin acids. The diets were therefre frmulated t meet the lysine levels rather than prtein levels, but in n case was the prtein level much lwer than the NRC (1979) requirements. All diets were ffered ad libitum and all pigs had ad libitum access t water frm an autmatic watering cup. All diets were frmulated t meet NRC (1979) requirements fr lysine, tryptphan, methinine + cystine, isleucine, metablizable energy, Ca and P, ther essential minerals and vitamins. Pigs were switched frm the grwing t the finishing diet (table 1) when they attained an average weight f 66.3 kg. Bdy weight and feed cnsumptin were recrded every 2 wk and average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) were calculated frm these data. Carcass measurements were cllected n eight pigs/ treatment when the pigs attained an average market weight f 100.2 kg accrding t the prcedure utlined by Kaufman et al. (1978). Nitrgen, energy, Ca and P balance studies were cnducted with 12 littermate pigs (average weight 10.0 kg). Tw pigs were fed each f the six grwing diets (table 1). The pigs received twice daily an amunt f finely grund feed equivalent t 2% f each pig's initial bdy weight, with an equal amunt f water t frm a slurry that the pigs cnsumed within 5 t 10 rain, withut cntaminatin f excreta. All pigs were adjusted t this regimen and cntinued n it fr 7 d befre excreta cllectins were made fr a 5 d perid. Feces were cllected separately n a fine screen under the expanded metal flr f the stainless steel metablism cages in which the pigs were hused. Urine passed thrugh this screen nt a stainless steel cllecting tray and int plastic cntainers cntaining enugh 6N HC1 t maintain an acid ph. Feed, feces and urine were prepared and analyzed in duplicate fr grss energy, N, Ca and P. Grss energy values f feed, feces and urine were determined using an adiabatic bmb calrimeter standardized with benzic acid. Urine grss energy was determined after freeze drying.5 ml f urine n cttn balls and subtracting the calric cntributin f the cttn. The N cntent f the feed, feces and urine was determined by a semi-micr Kjeldahl methd (AOAC, 1980). Calcium in feed, feces and urine was determined by atmic absrptin spectrphtmetry and P was determined by visible light spectrphtmetry (Gmri, 1942). Gain, gain/feed, nutrient balance r utilizatin and carcass measurements were analyzed accrding t the analysis f variance prcedure as utlined by Steel and Trrie (1960). Bnferrni t-statistics were utilized fr cmparisns amng treatment means (Gill, 1978). Results and Discussin The data presented in table 2 summarize the effect f crn-sybean meal, crn-peanut meal and crn-peanut meal-bld meal diets n daily gains (ADG), efficiency f gain (G/F) and carcass measurements. Gain and Gain/Feed. The rate f gain during the grwer phase and ver the entire 12-wk perid was lwest (P<.05) in pigs fed the crn-peanut meal diets. Feed efficiency (G/F) ver the entire grwing-finishing phases was als lwest (P<.05) in pigs receiving the crnpeanut meal diet. The rate and efficiency f gains in pigs receiving the crn-peanut meal diet were much imprved during the finisher ver the grwer phase when cmpared with the ther dietary treatments. The lwer rate and efficiency f gains btained in this study fr pigs n the crnpeanut meal diet may nt have been expected because it cntained mre than the suggested prtein and lysine requirements (NRC, 1979). The pr perfrmance f pigs n this diet culd be due t a requirement fr a higher level f lysine (McWard et al., 1959) and ther essential amin acids at the high prtein level (21.6%) at which it was fed. Pigs fed the crn-peanut meal grwer diet cnsumed less feed daily than pigs fed the crn-sybean meal diet and, cnsequently, their daily lysine intake was nt adequate t supprt maximum rate f gain. This was effectively crrected with the use f a lysine-rich prtein such as ring-dried bld meal. During the finishing
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PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL IN SWINE DIETS 397 TABLE 2. GAIN, FEED EFFICIENCY AND CARCASS MEASURES OF PIGS FED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS Diets 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 a 0 2 3 4 6 Item --b- ~ ~ 7 7 7 MSE c P values d Average daily gain, kg Grwer.85 e.71 f.81 e.84 e.86 e.80 e.009.0002 Finisher.88.85.81.82.86.81.017 Overall.86 e.76 f.81 ef.83 ef.86 e.80 ef.008.010 Gain/Feed Grwer.36.34.35.36.37.34.0001 Finisher.28.28.27.28.28.27.0009 Overall.33 e.31 f.31 f.33 e.34 e.31 f.00001.016 Carcass measures Ht carcass weight, kg 77.5 72.9 73.4 73.5 77.1 74.0 20.8 Backfat at loth rib, cm 2.39 2.15 2.05 2.18 2.09 2.30.19 Lin eye area, cm 2 34.7 35.0 33.0 33.2 35.5 34.1 8.59 Kg muscle in carcass 43.5 42.1 41.5 41.4 43.9 41.7 7.07 % muscle in carcass 56.2 57.6 56.6 56.4 57.0 56.4 4.7 alevel f flash-dried bld meal in the grwer diet. blevel f flash- dried bld meal in the finisher diet. CMSE = mean squares f errr. d = nt significantly different (P>.05). e'fmeans within rws having different superscripts differ (P<.05). phase f the study, hwever, pigs fed the crn-peanut meal diet ate and gained similarly t pigs fed the ther diets. This suggests that when a crn-peanut meal finishing diet is frmulated t ensure an adequate intake f the essential amin acids, finishing pigs can utilize up t 24% peanut meal in their diet with little lss f perfrmance. This view is supprted by the research f Balgun and Kch (1979b) wh fund finishing pigs utilized up t 20% f raw r rasted peanuts efficiently in their diet. Over the entire 12-wk trial, the rate and efficiency f gains in pigs receiving the basal crn-sybean meal diet, the crn-peanut meal plus 3 r 4% FDBM during the grwer phase (20 t 66 kg) and the crn-peanut meal plus 2 r 3% FDBM during the finishing phase (66 t 100 kg) were abut equal. Inadequacy f the amin acid lysine was shwn by Brks and Thmas (1959) and Ork et al. (1975) t be the greatest limitatin in the quality f peanut meal. The imprved perfrmance f pigs n the peanut meal diet supplemented with lysine frm FDBM supprted the view f Evans (1958) wh fund added lysine t be advantageus in a cereal-peanut meal diet fr pigs. In the present study, additin f FDBM at levels f 3 t 4% with peanut meal at levels f 15 t 20% in the grwer diets and 2 t 3% FDBM with 10 t 15% peanut meal in the finisher diets prduced pig perfrmance similar t that btained frm pigs fed a basal crn-sybean meal grwing-finishing diet. Our results are supprted by the research f Balgun and Kch (1979b), wh shwed that when bld meal was added t cmplement grund peanuts in lysine, finishing pigs culd efficiency utilize up t 20% grund peanuts in their diet. The results f this study are als in agreement with the bservatins f Miller and Parsn (1981), wh reprted pig perfrmance equal t a crn-sybean meal diet when FDBM was limited t 4% in the grwer diet (26 t 55 kg) and 3% in the finisher diet (55 t 110 kg) bdy weight. Carcass Measures. There were n significant differences in the carcass measures f pigs fed crn-sybean meal, crn-peanut meal r crn-peanut meal-fdbm diets during the grwing-finishing perids. Balgun and Kch (1979b) shwed that pigs cnsuming a 20% whle peanut diet had thicker backfat, lwer lin eye area and a lwer percentage
398 ILORI ET AL. TABLE 3. NITROGEN, ENERGY, CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS BALANCE OF PIGS FED GROWER DIETS Diets a Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 MSE b P values c Nitrgen Apparent N digestibility, % 85.8 87.2 85.6 85.4 82.2 82.3 3.27 Net prtein util., % 51.1 d 41.4 e 52.3 d 47.1 de 45.9 de 54.3 d 13.8 Apparent bil. value, % 63.1 d 47.2 e 61.2 d 55.2 de 55.8 de 66.0 d.001 Energy Apparent energy dig., % 89.7 87.7 88.7 87.9 87.2 87.2.46 Apparent met. energy, kcal/g 3.42 3.35 3.44 3.41 3.55 3.41.0022 Calcium Daily Ca balance, g 2.06 1.56 1.80 1.42 1.61 1.74.037 % Ca retentin 53.4 49.8 56.4 45.6 50.7 59.4 30.9 Phsphrus Daily P balance, g.87.76.71.95.84.95.018 % P retentin 54.2 49.0 52.3 57.8 51.1 64.2 26.7.06.05 asee table 1. bmse = mean squares f errr. c = nt s~,nificantly different (P>.06). d'emeans within rws having different superscripts differ ~P<.05). f lean cuts than pigs cnsuming a crnsybean meal diet. This cntrasts with ur bservatins in the present study in which carcass measures f pigs fed a crn-peanut meal diet were equal t r superir t thse f pigs fed a crn-sybean meal diet. Tfiis cntrast is likely due t the feeding f whle peanuts by Balgun and Kch (1979b), while peanut meal was used in ur study. Ork et al. (1975) fund that carcasses f pigs fed sybean meal-supplemented diets differed frm the carcasses f pigs fed peanut meal-supplemented diets nly in lin eye area and grade index. Nutrient Balance. There were n significant differences in apparent energy and N digestibilities resulting frm dietary treatments (table 3). Hwever, the bilgical value (P<.05) and the net prtein utilizatin (P<.05) f the crnpeanut meal diet was lwer than that f the crn-sybean meal, crn-peanut meal plus 2% FDBM and crn-peanut meal plus 6% FDBM diets. N explanatin can be ffered fr the lw (P>.05) net prtein utilizatin and bilgical value bserved in pigs n the crn-peanut meal plus 3 r 4% FDBM, which were as efficiently utilized in ur feeding trials as the crn-sybean meal diet. Hwever, the lw net prtein utilizatin and bilgical value f the crn-peanut meal diet is cnsistent with the lwer rate and efficiency f gains btained in the feeding trials f pigs fed this diet. Daily Ca, P and energy balance r utilizatin were nt significantly influenced by dietary treatments. Balgun and Kch (1979a) fund n differences in apparent digestible energy r apparent digestible N and N retained in yung pigs fed 0, 10, 15 and 20% raw peanuts in islysinic (.90%) crnsybean meal diets. Overall, results f ur study suggest that a cmbinatin f peanut meal and FDBM can replace sybean meal cmpletely in islysinic grwing-finishing pig diets withut reductin in rate and efficiency f gain, nutrient utilizatin r carcass quality. Thus, in the grwer diet, levels f 15 t 20% f peanut meal plus 3 t 4% f FDBM can replace 17.6% f dehulled sybean meal plus 2 t 5% f crn; while in the finisher diet, levels f 10 t 15% f peanut meal plus 2 t 3% f FDBM can replace 12.4% f dehulled sybean meal plus 1 t 4% f crn. Literature Cited AOAC. 1980. Official Methds f Analysis (13th Ed.). Assciatin f Official Analytical Chemists, Washingtn, DC. Balgun, T. F. and B. A. Kch. 1979a. Raw r rasted grundnut as a partial prtein and energy surce
PEANUT MEAL AND BLOOD MEAL IN SWINE DIETS 399 in ratins fr grwing pigs. Trp. Agr. 56: 135. Balgun, T. F. and B. A. Kch. 1979b. Influence f trypsin inhibitr level and prcessing n the nutritinal value f grundnut fr finishing pigs. Trp. Agr. 56:245. Brks, C. C. and H. R. Thmas. 1959. Supplements t peanut il meal prtein fr grwing-finishing swine. J. Anita. Sci. 18:119. Cmbs, G. E., F. L. Osegnenda, H. D. Wallace and C. B. Ammerman. 1963. Digestibility f ratins cntaining different surces f supplementary prtein by yung pigs. J. Anita. Sci. 22:396. Evans, R. E. 1958. Nutritin f the bacn pig. J. Agr. Sci. (Camb.) 50:230. Gill, J. L. 1978. Design and Analysis f Experiments, Vl. 1. Iwa State Univ. Press, Ames. Gmri, G. 1942. A mdificatin f the clrimetric phsphrus determinatin fr use with the phtelectric clrimeter. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 27:955. Kaufman, R. G., R. J. Epley, J. R. Rmans, F. C. Smith and D. G. Tpel. 1978. Carcass evaluatin. Prk Industry Handbk, U.S. Dept. f Agriculture and Natinal Prk Prducers Cuncil. McWard, G. W., D. E. Becker, H. W. Nrtn, S. W. Terril and A. H. Jensen. 1959. The lysine requirement f weaning pigs at tw levels f dietary prtein. J. Anita. Sci. 18:1059. Miller, E. R. and M. J. Parsns. 1981. Flash dried bld meal as an ingredient fr pig diets. Pig News and Infrmatin 2(4) :407. NRC. 1979. Nutrient Requirements f Dmestic Animals, N. 2. Nutrient Requirements f Swine. Eighth Revised Ed. Natinal Academy f Sciences-Natinal Research Cuncil, Washingtn, DC. Ork, E. J., J. P. Bwland and C. W. Briggs. 1975. Rapeseed, peanut and sybean meals as prtein supplement with r withut added lysine: Bilgical perfrmance and carcass characteristics f pigs and rats. Can. J. Anita. Sci. 55:135. Steel, R.G.D. and J. H. Trrie. 1960. Principles and Prcedures f Statistics. McGraw-Hill Bk C., New Yrk.