Chapter 37 Introduction to Body Structure Section 1: Body Organization Section 2: Skeletal System Section 3: Muscular System Section 4: Skin, Hair, and Nails Section 1 Body Organization Objectives: Identify four levels of structural organization within the human body. Analyze the four kinds of body tissues. List the body's major organ systems. Evaluate the importance of endothermy in maintaining homeostasis. 1
Section 1 Body Organization Levels of Structural Organization Stem Cells Any embryonic stem cell is capable of becoming any type of tissue found in the adult body. Section 1 Body Organization Levels of Structural Organization Four levels of structural organization within the human body. Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems 2
Cells are grouped into four types of body tissues: Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Cells are grouped into four types of body tissues: Notice that they have split out muscle tissue into its 3 different types: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth 3
Organ Systems 5/8/2014 Organ Systems Body Organization Body Cavities The body contains four large fluid-filled spaces or cavities that house and protect the major internal organs. 4
Body Organization Endothermy enables the body to maintain homeostasis at all times, regardless of the temperature outside the body. Skeletal System Objectives: Section 2 Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Analyze the structure of bone. Summarize the process of bone development. List two ways to prevent osteoporosis. Identify the three main classes of joints. 5
Skeletal System The Skeleton Skeleton The skeleton supports the body, provides protection for internal organs, and enables movement. The 206 bones of the skeleton are divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton includes bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton forms the appendages or limbs the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs. Structure of Bone 6
Growth of Bones Development Early in development Osteocytes: Bones harden as calcium and other mineral deposits build up. Growth of Bones Osteoporosis Women more at risk bones smaller Estrogen production goes down Green leafy veggies Load bearing exercise 7
Joints Three Main Types of Joints Immovable Slightly movable Freely movable joints Types of movable joints found in your body 8
Joints Disorders of Joints Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Muscular System Muscles and Movement Section 3 Describe the action of muscle pairs in moving the body Relate the structure of a skeletal muscle to the muscle s ability to contract. Describe how energy is supplied to muscles for contraction. 9
Muscular System Muscles and Movement Movement of the Skeleton Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Muscle pairs move parts of the body by pulling on bones. Section 3 Muscle Contraction: Sarcomers 10
Aerobic exercise makes the heart pump more efficiently ands thus increases the energy available to muscles. As athletes train, they also increase the number of capillaries to get more RBC to the cells faster This helps get more O 2 in and CO 2 out. Skin, Hair, and Nails Section 4 Objectives: Analyze the structure and function of the epidermis. Describe how the dermis helps the body maintain homeostasis. Summarize how hair and nails are formed. Identify various types of skin disorders. 11
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails Skin Epidermis and Dermis Subcutaneous Tissue Hair and Nails Describe how the dermis helps the body maintain homeostasis. Temperature regulation adjusting metabolism, detecting and responding to environmental stimuli maintaining water & mineral balances 12
Summarize how hair and nails are formed. Hair and nails are derived from the epidermis. Hair helps protect and insulate the body. made mostly of dead, keratin-filled cells Each hair on your head grows for several years Hair color is primarily determined by the presence of the pigment melanin. Blonde hair and red hair < melanin than brown hair and black hair. Nails produced by specialized epidermal cells in the nail beds. cells become filled with keratin as they are pushed outward by new cells. Skin Disorders Skin Disorders Most skin disorders are caused by damage to the epidermis. Acne - chronic inflammatory condition involves the skin s oil-producing glands Sebum an oily secretion that lubricates the skin Skin Cancer Skin cancer can result from genetic mutations caused by overexposure to UV radiation. 13