Evaluation of Complete Ration Silage on Performance and Quality of Goat Meat Tintin Rostini* & Irwan Zakir Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, University of Islam Kalimantan Jln. Adyaksa No 2 Kayu Tangi, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia *E-mail: tintin_rostini@yahoo.com Abstract Major constrains of animal production development in Indonesia are the availability and quality of feeds, particularly in dry season. This study was aimed at studying the effect of silage in complete ration on weight gain and quality of goat meat. The experimental design in this study was complete randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications using 16 of one year old goats. Ration consisted of R1(forage), R2 (forage and concentrate were given separately), R3 (complete hay), and R4 (complete ration silage). Feeds were given to meet the nutrient requirements of the animals, i.e. 3% of body weight, and drinking water was given ad libitum. The variables measured were nutritional composition of rations, blood plasma cholesterol, slaughtered and carcass weights, as well as carcass percentage of the goat. Results showed that the quality of goat meat determined by its levels of protein, fat, and cholesterol was affected by the rations. Meat produced by R4 (complete ration silage) were better than the others, containing 21.97% protein, 1.9% fat, and 75.41 mg/dl cholesterol. This R4 goat performance was also showing higher slaughtered weight (22.70 kg) with a carcass weight of 9.86 kg and carcass yield of 43.44% out of slaughtered weight and income over feed cost (IOFC) of Rp. 495,768. Therefore, the complete ration containing silage was considered as quantitatively better than other treatments in giving a better performance and meat quality of the goat. Keywords: silage, cholesterol, carcass weight, carcass percentage Introduction The scarcity in availability and poor quality of feeds are major constraints faced in development of livestock rearing in Indonesia. This condition is more pronounce in the problem of feed management, especially during the dry season; abundance in wet or rainy season. Some agricultural-industry by products, such as 384 Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
palm oil sludge and cassava waste are available throughout the year; however, since they are not managed properly, their availabilities are not stable. Other reason for this problem is inefficient technology (ex. drying) in handling the feed increasing it to high price. To lessen this fact, it is necessary to find an effort that technologically and economically wise. Providing rations for ruminants have to consider their nutrient requirement with regard to their physiological status, such as weight gain. To obtain higher gain, it needs higher concentrate level. Providing feeds in silage had shown some improvement for the livestock (ZoBell et al. (2004). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the application of complete ration containing silage toward the performance and meat quality in local goat. Materials and Methods There were one year- 16 male goats allocated into 4 treatments in completely randomized design. The treatments were: roughage only (R1), split roughage and concentrate (R2), dried complete ration (R3), and complete ration containing silage (R4). Water was served ad libitum. Feed ingredients used are: sagu waste, yellow corn, pulp out, waste of shrimp, corn strow, rice strow, rice bran and grass field The rations were formulated isocaloric and isoprotein, crude protein 13%, crude fiber 18 % and dry matter 62,74 % based on the recommendation of Nutrient Requirement of Sheep (NRC, 1994). The rations were given for three months. Proxymate analyses of rations and meat were conducted in Laboratory of Feed Science and Technology in Animal Science Faculty, Bogor Agricultural University. Variables observed in this experiment were ration consumption, average daily body weight gain (ADG), feed conversion, carcass weights, and nutrient quality of goat meat, and IOFC (Income Over Feed Cost). Data were analysed using analysis of variance (anova); if there were differences, it would be tested for Least Significant Difference (Steel and Torrie, 1993). Results and Discussion Consumption and performance of local goat Consumption of the rations was significantly different (P<0.05), R1 was the highest (1.21 kg/d) that was different from R2 (1.10 kg/d); while hay consumption (R3) and the silage (R4) were not different (1.00 kg/d). Silage was different from hay in terms of odor (acid), texture (wet), and nutrients (complete what does it mean with complete). However, the silage was better in improving the goat performance in this study, supporting that this ration was good enough in nutrients and palatability (Parakkasi, 1995). Ration conversion of the rations were significantly different ranging from 6.58 to 15.87 (P<0.05). The lowest Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012 385
Table 1. Averages of ration consumption (kg/d), ration conversion, average daily gain (ADG) of the goat (kg/d) Variables Ration R1 R2 R3 R4 Consumption (kg/d) 1.21 a 1.10 b 1.00 c 1.00 c Conversion 15.87 a 9.82 b 7.24 c 6.58 d ADG (kg/hr/d) 0.07 a 0.11 b 0.13 c 0.15 d Slaughtered weight (kg) 19.79 a 20.50 a 21.40 b 22.70 c Carcass (kg) 7.74 a 8.35 b 9.15 c 9.86 c Carcass percentage ( %) 39.11 a 40.78 a 42.75 b 43.44 b Different superscript among rations were significantly different (P<0.05) one was found in ration containing silage (R4), while the highest was in control diet with roughage only (R1); this was due to the fact that they had different nutrient (14.38 % crude protein, crude fiber, 17.02% and Bet-N 26.59 % in the silage). Average daily gains were different significantly (P<0.05), R4 was the highest (0.152 kg/d). This silage ration with its complete nutrients has stimulated rumen microorganism and metabolism, causing better daily gain of the goat (Pilliang and Djojosoebagia, 2006). Slaughtered weight of fasted goat was found to be the highest in R4 (22.70 kg/d), while the highest was in the R1 only 19.79 kg/d. Gaili et al. (1992) stated that ration affected slaughtered weight, carcass weight, and subcutaneous fat deposition. Therefore, it determined the quality of the carcass. Carcass weights of the goat were about 7.74 to 9.86 %, the lowest was found in R1, while the highest was in the ration containing silage (R4). Carcass weight corresponded in positive manner to the slaughtered weight. Production of carcass was affected by the mass of muscle, fat, and bone during the growth period (Hammond et al., 1991). Percentages of carcasses were 39.11-43.44 %; R1 was the lowest, while R4 was the highest. This ration had correlation between the live weight and slaughtered weight, in which R4 was the highest too how is the correlation positive. This data was similar to other findings reported by Hasnudi (2005), that carcass composition increased with increasing carcass weight. Quality of goat meat There were no significant differences among rations; however, the silage showed higher carcass protein (21,47 %), while the control was the lowest. Cholesterol concentration was found to be the highest in R2 (118.18 mg/dl), while the lowest was in control ration (R1). The R4 was showing a moderate cholesterol level of 75.41mg/dl. Mechanism of this is the silage had lower fat content, but higher 386 Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Table 2. Average Nutrient Composition of the Goat Meat Variables Treatments R1 R2 R3 R4 Dry matter (%) 24.07 26.10 25.63 27.21 Ash (%) 1.25 0.84 1.15 1.24 Crude Protein (%) 18.68 19.65 20.51 21.47 Fiber (%) 0.77 4.08 4.15 3.66 Fat (%) 1.65 2.05 1.14 1.90 Beta-N (%) 2.48 2.15 3.29 2.59 Cholesterol mg/dl 55.73 118.73 80.41 75.41 fiber, therefore, this fibre will bind pancreatic bile better, excreted into feces. This condition will stimulate liver to produce bile acid out of the available cholesterol, such that the cholesterol level in the body will decrease. This is based on the fact that the cholesterol content in a feed or ration will be metabolised as acetyl co-a (Krsnantut Krisnantuti and Yenrna, Yenrina, 199l). Because n in the slage silage added shrimp shrmp waste animal anmal protein saouces rich in omega3 and yellow corn vegetable protein source rich in omega6 which are hypolipidemik, taht lower cholesterol. How it works to inhibit the synthesis and transfer are bad LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol because of it is anti aggregation. Income over feed cost (IOFC) Analysis of income over feed cost (IOFC) was designed to evaluate the cost and net return of applying these rations in local goat during the experiment. R4, the complete ration containing silage, gave the highest net return, representing by Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) for as much as Rp. 495,768,- /60 days/head. This high net return was supported by the efficiency of using the ration as indicated by Table 2. Average Nutrient Composition of the Goat Meat Variables R1 R2 R3 R4 Ration price (Rp/kg) 750 1,500 2,000 2,000 Feed conversion 15.67 9.87 7.24 6.58 Ration cost (Rp/kg meat) 11,752 14,730 14,480 13,160 Meat price (Rp/kg) 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 Net income (Rp/kg meat) 23,240 20,270 20,520 21,840 Meat production (kg) 19.79 20.52 21.40 22.70 I O F C (Rp.) 460,078 415,535 439,120 495,768 Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012 387
the feed conversion (6.58). Seemingly, the more improved the ration, it will produce better carcass and net return, eventually. Conclusions The complete ration containing silage was considered the most efficient ration on the basis of the performance (9.86 kg carcass, 22.70% carcass of live weight, and 43.44% carcass of slaughtered weight) and meat quality of goat carcass containing 21.97% protein, 1.9 % fat, and 75.41mg/dl cholesterol, with the IOFC of Rp 495,768,-. Acknowledgment This research was granted by Hibah Bersaing- DIKTI in the year of 2011, we would like to thank DIKTI for this. References Berg, R.T., and R.M. Butterfield. 1976. New Concepts of Cattle Growth. Sydney University Press, Sydney. Gaili, E.S.E.,Y.S. Ghanem and A.M.S. Ghanem. 1992. A Coperative Study of some Carcass Characteristic of Sudan Desert Sheep and Goats. Anim. Prod.14: 351-357. Hammond, J.Jr., J.C. Bowman and T.R. Robinson.1984. Hammond s Farm Animals. Fifth Ed. Butler and Tanner Ltd. London. Hasnudi. 2005. Kajian Tumbuh Kembang Karkas dan Komponennya serta Penampilan Domba Sungei Putih dan Lokal Sumatera yang Menggunakan Pakan Limbah Kelapa Sawit. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Http://www. damandiri.or.id/detail.php? id=255. (23 Mei 2006). Krisnantuti, D., dan R. Yenrina. 1999. Perencanaan Menu bag bagi Penderta Penderita Jantung Koroner. Trubus. Agriwidya. Jakarta. National Research Council (NRC). 2006. Nutrient Requirement of Goat. National Academy Press. Washington DC. Soeparno and H.L. Dorres. 1994. Studies on the Growth and Carcass Composition the Daldale Wether Lamb. The Effect of Dietary Energy Concentration. J. Anim Production, Vol 14 : 20-26 Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1993. Prinsip Prnsp dan Prosedur Statistika. Statstka. Edisi Eds 2. Terjemahan: B. Sumantri. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. ZoBell, K.C., Olson, I.D and R.D. Weidmeier. 2004. Processed Corn Slage Silage Effects on Digestibility and Production of Growing Beef Replacement Heifers. Extension Utah State University. 388 Proceeding of the 2 nd International Seminar on Animal Industry Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012