Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 13: Personality

Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 13: Personality 1 The Psychoanalytic Perspective (pp. 553-564) Before reading SURVEY pp. 553-564. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 553-556: What was Freud s view of personality and its development? READ Personality and The Psychoanalytic Perspective (pp. 553-556) 1. Define: personality 2. Describe free association. 3. What is the goal of free association? 4. What did Freud call his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques? 5. Describe each of the following psychoanalytic aspects of mind: a. Unconscious: b. Preconscious: c. Conscious: 6. While reading her psychology book in her room on Saturday morning, Lakeisha remembered how much fun class was the day before. Lakeisha s memory of her class was in what level of awareness before she started reading? a. conscious b. preconscious c. unconscious d. nonconscious 7. While appearing on the game show The Weakest Link, Helen tries to remember the answer to a Greek literature question. She successfully remembers that the answer is Euripides. When Helen calls out the answer to the host, the information is at the level of consciousness. a. conscious b. nonconscious c. preconscious d. unconscious

2 8. Cartman is unaware then he is having inappropriate thoughts about how to kill Kenny. Freud would explain that these thoughts occur at a(n) level of consciousness. a. nonconscious b. preconscious c. unconscious d. superconscious 6. How is repression central to Freud s concept of the mind? 7. According to Freud, what do slips of the tongue reveal? 8. How does the manifest content of a dream differ from the latent content of a dream? 9. In Freud s view, how factors lead to the rise of human personality? 10. Describe each of the following Freudian constructs of the mind: a. id: b. ego c. superego 11. Roland was hungry, so he went to McFood Place. But when he got in line, he realized that he didn t have any money. He saw a woman set her French fries down on a table, then walk away. Roland quickly grabbed the fries and left. According to Freud, Roland s actions were driven by his, which operates on the principle. a. id; pleasure b. id; reality c. ego; pleasure d. ego; reality 12. You have begun to feel guilty because you are sometimes rude to your little brother. A little voice keeps telling you that you should always be polite and should never hurt another person s feelings. According to Freud, this little voice most likely comes from your a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido

3 13. As a child, Raoul loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn t continue this kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. On realizing this, Raoul decides to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Raoul s, which operates on the principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits. a. id; pleasure b. ego; reality c. superego, morality d. defense mechanism; denial 14. What are Freud s stages of personality development called? 15. Why are erogenous zones important to Freudian theory? 16. Fill in the blanks: Stage Focus ( 0 - months) ( - 36 months) (3 - years) ( - puberty) ( ) 17. What is the Oedipus Complex? 18. How is the Oedipus Complex solved? 19. What types of behavior might be characteristic of a person with an oral fixation?

A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 557-558: How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety? READ Defense Mechanisms (pp. 557-558) 4 1. What is the purpose of a defense mechanism? Matching: 1. repression 2. regression 3. reaction formation 4. projection 5. rationalization 6. displacement 7. denial 8. identification a. Diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings. b. Allows us to retreat to a an earlier, more infantile stage of development. c. When we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions. d. Protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness. e. Banishes anxiety-arousing wishes from consciousness. f. The process children use to incorporate their parent s values into their developing superegos. g. Disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others. h. When the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 558-559: Which of Freud s ideas did his followers accept or reject? READ The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists (pp. 558-559) 1. What Freudian ideas did the Neo-Freudians accept? (List all 4) 2. In what 2 ways did the Neo-Freudians disagree with Freud s theories? 3. For each of the following Neo-Freudians, list the unique ideas they are associated with. a. Alfred Adler:

5 b. Karen Horney (pronounced Horn-EYE ): c. Carl Jung A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 559-560: What are projective tests and how are they used? READ Assessing Unconscious Processes (pp. 559-560) 1. How does a projective test differ from an objective test? Give an example of each type of test. 2. Why do projective tests suit psychodynamic theory? What are their purpose? 3. Who designed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? 4. What is the most widely used projective test? How does this test differ from the TAT? 5. Why do critics dislike projective tests, such as the Rorschach test? Be specific. 6. The personality test Theresa is taking involves her describing a random pattern of dots. What test is she taking? a. the MMPI b. the TAT c. the Rorschach d. the IPIP-NEO 7. Mrs. Tingey was asked to look at a series of ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. What test is she taking? a. the MMPI b. the TAT c. the Rorschach d. the IPIP-NEO

A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 561-564: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud and the unconscious? READ Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective (pp. 561-564) 6 1. When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she says, Why do you want to learn about Freud? He was nuts! Respond to your friends assertion based on how contemporary psychologists view Freud. REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: What was Freud s view of personality and its development? #2: How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety? #3: Which of Freud s ideas did his followers accept or reject? #4: What are projective tests, and how are they used? #5: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud and the unconscious? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Personality Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis Free association Unconscious mind/preconscious mind/conscious mind Id/Ego/Superego Pleasure principle/reality principle/morality principle Latent vs. manifest content Psychosexual stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) Defense mechanisms (identification, repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial) Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Carl Jung Projective tests Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); Henry Murray Rorschach inkblot test Contemporary views of Freudian theory

7 The Psychoanalytic Perspective (pp. 564-576) Before reading SURVEY pp. 553-564. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. REACTION: After surveying pp. 564-576, write about 1 thing you learned, found interesting or surprising, or comment on something that you already knew. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 564-566: How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying psychology? READ The Humanistic Perspective (pp. 564-566) 1. How does the focus of humanism differ from psychoanalytic and behavioral psychology? Be specific. 2. Humanism offered a - that emphasized. 3. What theory is Abraham Maslow most known for? 4. What is self-actualization? 5. What is self-transcendence? 6. What is a peak-experience? 7. According to Carl Rogers, a growth-promoting climate provides which three conditions? 8. Define each of these Rogerian terms: a. genuine: b. accepting: c. empathic: 9. What is unconditional positive regard (UPR)? 10. Define: self-concept

8 11. Describe someone with a positive self-concept. 12. Describe someone with a negative self-concept. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p. 566: How did humanistic psychologists assess a person s sense of self? READ Assessing the self (pp. 566) 1. How did humanistic psychologists assess a person s sense of self? 2. How did Carl Rogers ask people to describe themselves? 3. If the ideal self and the actual self are nearly alike, then their self-concept is. 4. Some humanistic psychologists considered questionnaires to be too depersonalizing. What was their alternative? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 566-567: How has the humanistic perspective influenced psychology? What criticisms has it faced? READ Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective (pp. 566-567) 1. What does Freudian psychology and humanism have in common? 2. List 3 criticisms of humanistic psychology. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 567-570: How do psychologists use traits to describe personality? 1. How READ does The trait Trait psychology Perspective differ (pp. from 567-570) Freudian psychology? 2. Define: traits

9 3. Gordon Allport was concerned less with individual traits than with them. 4. Describe the Myers-Briggs Type Indiciator (MBTI). What is it used for? 5. How do critics view the MBTI? What are their main objections? 6. How many personality traits did Gordon Allport find when he counted such words in the dictionary? 7. What is factor analysis? 8. Why is factor analysis important to the trait perspective? 9. What trait dimensions did Hans and Sybil Eysenck propose to describe personality? 10. Describe 2 brain characteristics unique to extraverts. 11. To what does Jerome Kagan attribute differences in children s shyness? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p. 570: What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools? READ Assessing traits (pp. 570) 1. What is a personality inventory? 2. Describe the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). What is it used for? 3. If a test is empirically derived, what does that mean?

10 4. Give 2 examples of a projective test. 5. What does it mean if a test is objective? 6. Is the MMPI an objective or a projective test? Explain. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 571-572: Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation? READ The Big Five Factors (pp. 571-572) 1. List the BIG FIVE personality factors. HINT: Use the memory mnemonic CANOE or OCEAN to help you remember these factors. 2. Dilbert has many traits that help him to succeed at this job as an engineer. He is organized, efficient, dependable, thorough, and productive. According to the five-factor personality model, Dilbert is high in a. agreeableness b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. extraversion 3. Complete the following personal ad: Seeking an outgoing individual who enjoys social activities. Must also be adventurous and willing to try anything. In other words, must be high in and high in. a. neuroticism; extraversion b. openness to experience; conscientiousness c. extraversion; openness to experience d. conscientiousness; neuroticism 4. After reading the Henry Potter books, Dawn describes Henry Potter as insightful, original, curious, and intellectual, as well as, generous, kind, considerate, and forgiving. According to the five-factor personality model, Henry is high in and high in. a. conscientiousness; agreeableness b. openness to experience; agreeableness c. conscientiousness; extraversion d. openness to experience; extraversion 5. Andre is very organized and efficient but also very anxious and tense. On which two of the five-factor personality model dimensions would Andre rate highly? a. neuroticism; congruence b. agreeableness; emotionality-stability c. conscientiousness; neuroticism d. extraversion; openness to experience

A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read p. 573-576: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations? READ Evaluating trait perspective (pp. 573-576) 11 1. What is the person-situation controversy? 2. Personality traits tend to be more (stable/unstable) over time. 3. Consistency of our specific behaviors from one situation to the next is (predictable/unpredictable). 4. However, people s outgoingness, happiness, or carelessness over many situations is. REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality? #2: How did humanistic psychologists assess a person s sense of self? #3: How has the humanistic perspective influence psychology? #4: How do psychologists use traits to describe personality? #5: What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait assessment tools? #6: Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation? #7: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Humanism Abraham Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs (self-actualization, self-transcendence) Carl Roger: unconditional positive regard, genuine, accepting, empathic, +, - self-concept Humanism: questionnaires & interviews as assessment techniques Evaluate humanistic theory Trait Gordon Allport MBTI Factor analysis Eysenck s 2 personality dimensions Personality inventories MMPI Empirically derived Projective vs. objective tests Big Five personality factors Evaluating trait theory (person-situation controversy) A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 576-578: In the view of social-cognitive psychologists, what mutual influences shape an individual s personality? READ The Social-Cognitive Perspective (pp. 576-578) 1. Social-cognitive psychologists focus on how we and our environments.

12 2. Describe Bandura s reciprocal determinism. 4. After the school shooting at Columbine High School in 1999, many experts blamed the violence acts of these 2 teenagers on their viewing of violent films, video games, and listening to violent music. Bandura would suggest that this explanation is only part of the story. Using reciprocal determinism explain how the personalities of these two teenagers may have developed. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 578-583: What are the causes and consequences of personal control? READ Personal Control (pp. 578-583) 1. Define: external locus of control 2. Define: internal locus of control 3. What benefits do internals enjoy in life? 4. What can we predict for those who can control their impulses and delay gratification? 5. What did researchers find about hungry people who could resist eating chocolate chip cookies? 6. Describe Martin Seligman s experiments with dogs. What did he find?

13 7. Define: learned helplessness 8. What did researchers find after patients in nursing homes were given more control over their environment (e.g. how to arrange furniture in their room)? 9. Explain how someone with a pessimistic (or negative) explanatory style explains things when things go wrong. 10. Name 3 benefits of being an optimistic person. *Read Close Up: Toward a More Positive Psychology p. 581 1. What forces led to the development of positive psychology? 2. What are positive psychologists primarily concerned with? 3. What modern perspective (think of those from our hand mnemonic )is positive psychology most like? How does positive psychology primarily differ from this older perspective? 4. List the 3 pillars of positive psychology. *Back to the section Excessive Optimism on p. 581. 5. How can excessive optimism be a problem? List 2 examples discussed in the text.

Two QUESTIONS to consider BEFORE you read pp. 583-584: What underlying principle guides social-cognitive psychologists in their assessment of people s behavior and beliefs? and What has the social-cognitive perspective contributed to the study of personality, and what criticisms have it faced? READ Assessing Behavior in Situations & Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective (pp. 583-584) 14 1. What underlying principle guides social-cognitive psychologists in their assessment of people s behavior and beliefs? 2. What is the best way to predict someone s future behavior? Give one example listed in the text. 3. What criticisms are directed toward the social-cognitive perspective? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 584-589: Are we helped or hindered by high self-esteem? READ Exploring the Self (pp. 584-589) 1. Describe the concept of possible selves from the research of Hazel Markus? 2. What is the spotlight effect? Give an example from the text to illustrate. 3. Define: self-esteem 4. Name 2 benefits, discussed in the text, of those with high self-esteem. 5. Name 2 effects of low self-esteem discussed in the text. 6. Define: self-serving bias

15 7. People accept responsibility for deeds than for, and for than for. 8. Most people see themselves as than average. 9. Describe the study done by Brad Bushman & Roy Baumeister on self-esteem and social rejection. What was the result? 10. Describe Generation Me. 11. Compare defensive self-esteem and secure self-esteem. REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: In the view of social-cognitive psychologists, what mutual influences shape an individual s personality? #2: What are the causes and consequences of personal control? #3: What underlying principle guides social-cognitive psychologists in their assessment of people s behavior and beliefs? #4: What has the social-cognitive perspective contributed to the study of personality, and what criticisms have it faced? #5: Are we helped or hindered by high self-esteem? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Social-cognitive perspective Albert Bandura Reciprocal determinism Personal control Julian Rotter Internal vs. external locus of control Martin Seligman (Positive Psychology) Learned helplessness Optimistic explanatory style Negative explanatory style Impacts of optimism on self Assessment techniques in social-cognitive perspective Evaluation of social-cognitive perspective Self Markus possible selves Spotlight effect Self-esteem (positive & negative impacts) Self-serving bias Defensive self-esteem Secure self-esteem