Theories of Personality
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1 Theories of Personality 2
2 Overview Psychodynamic influences Genetic Influences Environmental influences Cultural influences The inner experience
3 Defining personality and traits 2 Personality - distinctive and relatively stable patterns of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual Trait - A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
4 Psychodynamic theories Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious dynamics within the individual
5 The structure of 2 personality Id: operates according to the pleasure principle Ego: operates according to the reality principle Superego: moral ideals, conscience
6 Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Regression Denial
7 Personality Development 2 Freud's Stages -Oral -Anal -Phallic -Latency -Genital
8
9 Other psychodynamic approaches Jungian Theory Collective unconscious: the universal memories, symbols, and experiences of the human kind, represented in symbols, stories, and images that occur across all cultures Two important archetypes are maleness and femaleness which Jung believed existed in both sexes
10 Other psychodynamic 2 approaches The Object-Relations School -emphasizes the importance of the infant's first 2 years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with mother Emphasizes children's needs for a powerful mother and to be in relationships
11 Evaluating 2 psychodynamic theories THREE SCIENTIFIC FAILINGS 1) Violating the principle of falsifiability 2) Drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients 3) Basing theories of personality development on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patients
12 Big Five Openness vs. resistance Conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness Extroversion vs. introversion Agreeableness vs. antagonism Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
13 Heredity and 2 Temperament Temperaments Psychological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways Present in infancy, assumed to be innate Relatively stable over time Includes: Reactivity, Soothability, Positive and Negative emotionality
14 Heredity and Traits Heritability A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group Heritability of personality traits is about 50%
15 The Power of Parents This shared environment of the home has little influence on personality. The non-shared environment is a more important influence. Few parents have a single child-rearing style that is consistent over time and that they use with all kids. Even when parents try to be consistent, there may be little relation between what they do and how their children turn out.
16 The Power of Peers Adolescent culture includes different peer groups organized by different interests. Peer acceptance is so important to children and adolescents that being bullied, victimized, or rejected by peers is far more traumatic than punitive treatment by parents 2
17 Culture, Values, Traits Culture a program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society A set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community
18 Culture, Values, Traits Individualistic Cultures Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others. Collectivist cultures Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes
19 Custom in context When culture is not appropriately considered, people attribute unusual behavior to personality. Timeliness Monochronic cultures: time is ordered sequentially, schedules and deadlines valued over people Polychronic cultures: time is ordered horizontally, people valued over
20 The Inner Experience Humanist approaches Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Rollo May Evaluating Humanist Approaches
21 Abraham Maslow Humanistic Psychology approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential. Peak experiences rare moments of rapture caused by the attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty.
22 Carl Rogers Unconditional positive regard Conditional positive regard Differences??
23 Rollo May Shared with humanists the belief in free will and freedom of choice but also emphasized loneliness, anxiety, and alienation Existentialism free will confers on us responsibility for our actions
24 Evaluating humanist 2 approaches Hard to operationally define many of the concepts Added balance to the study of personality Encouraged others to focus on positive psychology Fostered new appreciation for resilience
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