Tissue Outline (chapter 4) Tissues group of cells that perform structural and roles. List the 4 types: 1. 2. 3. 4. I. Epithelial Tissue covers all the surfaces, inside & out. Are the major tissues of, which carry out secretions. A. Lack vessels B. Heals because epithelium reproduce readily C. Tightly packed, serves as a good D. Functions include:,,, & E. Types: 1. Simple Squamous epithelium - layer of thin, flat cells a. substances pass easily through this type of tissue b. this tissue occurs where & filtration take place c. for example: lines, forms walls of capillaries, & covers the that line body cavities d. due to thinness it can be easily damaged e. draw picture of simple squamous epithelium in the space below (p 117) 2. Simple Cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells, with a located spherical
a. covers ovaries b. lines tubules help with the function in & absorption c. lines ducts of glands which help to secrete glandular products d. draw a picture of simple cuboidal epithelium below (118) 3. Simple Columnar Epithelium are and composed of a single layer a. occurs in the linings of the and of the digestive tract, including the stomach & intestines b. tissue is relatively, provides for underlying tissues c. secretes digestive fluids, & nutrient molecules from digestion d. principal function is e. have cylindrical processes called, which increase the surface area of the cell membrane f. have cells, that secrete a protective fluid ( ) g. draw simple columnar epithelium below (118)
4. Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium appear stratified or, but are not. Tissue looks layered due to nuclei located at 2 or more levels a. posses, which extend from free surfaces & move constantly b. goblet cells secrete mucus that is passed along by cilia c. lines the passages of the system & tubes of system d. in respiratory passages the mucus traps dust & the move the particles out of the way e. in reproductive tubes, the move the sex cells from one region to another f. draw Pseudostratified Columnar cells below (119) 5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium many layers of cells, making this tissue a. forms layer of skin called the b. as skin ages, it accumulates a protein called which hardens the skin cells to produce a protective material that prevents from escaping & from entering c. draw Stratified squamous epithelium below (120)
6. Transitional Epithelium specialized to respond to tension a. found in lining of urinary bladder & passageways of the system b. forms an lining and forms a barrier to the contents from diffusing out c. see fig. 4.2 on page 121 7. Glandular Epithelium composed of cells that & substances a. occur mostly in the & epithelia b. 1 or more of these cells make up a c. glands that secrete their products onto or surfaces are called glands d. glands that secrete into tissue fluid or are called glands e. types of exocrine glands & their function (p. 122-124) Type Description Example Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine II. Connective Tissue occurs throughout the body and is most abundant type of tissue by A. binds structures together, provides support, serves as, fills spaces, stores, produces blood cells, provides protection against infections, and helps to repair damage. B. Cells are farther apart, able to reproduce, & in most cases have a good supply
C. Major cell types found in connective tissue: 1. resident cells a. fibroblasts most common & produce by secreting proteins into the matrix b. mast cells are large & located near blood vessels, release heparin to prevent 2. wandering cells include blood cells a. macrophage specialized to carry on phagocytosis, help to clear foreign particle from cell D. Types of connective tissue fibers produced by 1. collagenous fibers thick, threadlike parts composed of the protein a. flexible but only slightly b. very strong, & hold structures together (tendons) c. called white fibers 2. elastic fibers composed of microfibrils embedded in the molecules of a protein, called a. less strength, but very b. easily stretched, & can resume original shape c. yellow fibers 3. reticular fibers thin & composed of collagen, help to support E. Types of Connective Tissue: 1. loose (areolar) forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body a. cells of this tissue are mainly b. binds skin to organs c. fills in the spaces between the d. lies beneath, where it supplies nourishment to epithelial cells 2. Adipose tissue called, is a specialized form of loose connective tissue a. found beneath the & in spaces between the b. serves as a cushion for joints & some c. functions as a beneath the skin d. stores in fat molecules
3. Fibrous Connective Tissue contains many, closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers & a fine network of elastic fibers a. has only a cells b. very strong and binds structures together c. examples of fibrous tissue are & d. poor blood supply so repair occurs 4. Cartilage is a connective tissue a. supports parts, provides frameworks & attachments, protects underlying tissues, & forms structural models for many developing bones b. composed largely of fibers embedded in a gel like substance c. made up of cells called d. enclosed in a covering of connective tissue, called the e. lacks a direct supply, so repair is slow f. 3 types of cartilage: a. hyaline most common, looks like milk glass - found at the of bones & in the soft part of the - also found in the supporting rings of passages - helps with the of bone b. elastic provides framework for the external & parts of the larynx c. fibrocartilage very tissue, contains many fibers - serves as a absorber for structures subjected to - for example: intervertebral disks between the spine & between certain bones in the knee 5. Bone most rigid of connective tissue due to salts in the intracellular material a. provides an internal support for structure b. protects parts in various cavities c. serves as an attachment for d. forms blood cells and stores inorganic salts e. bone cells are called
f. have blood vessels located in canal for nutrient supply 6. Other connective tissue a. Blood ( tissue) transports substances between body cells & environment 1. helps maintain stable internal conditions which is called 2. composed of cells called blood plasma - contain red blood cells, blood cells, & - made in the red marrow of certain hollow bones b. Reticuloendothelial tissue composed of cells scattered throughout the body 1. are phagocytic ingest & destroy foreign particles 2. defend body against 3. found in blood, lungs, brain, bone marrow, spleen, liver, & glands 4. most common cells are called III. Muscle Tissue are, that is change shape by becoming shorter & thicker A. As muscles, the fibers pull at their attached ends and cause the body parts to move B. 3 types of muscle tissue 1. skeletal found in muscles that are attached to a. controlled by effort b. called muscle c. long & threadlike d. have light & dark cross-markings, called e. have many nuclei beneath cell membrane f. control movements for head, trunk, limbs, facial expressions and many more 2. Smooth lacks a. found in walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, uterus, & blood vessels b. cannot be stimulated to contract by conscious effort, therefore it is called muscle tissue
c. moves food through the d. constricts blood vessels e. empties the urinary bladder 3. Cardiac occurs only in the heart a. controlled b. makes up the bulk of the heart c. pumps the through the chambers & into certain vessels IV. Nervous Tissue found in the, spinal cord, & nerves A. the basic cells of this tissue are called nerve cells, or 1. are to certain types of changes in their surroundings 2. respond to changes by transmitting impulses along extensions (nerve fibers) to other or to muscles or glands B. Are able to coordinate, regulate, & many body functions C. Nerve tissue also contains neuroglial cells 1. support & components of nervous tissue together 2. carry on 3. supply nutrients to neurons