CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS STRUCTURAL VS FUNCTIONAL

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Transcription:

CHAPTER 8 JOINTS

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS STRUCTURAL VS FUNCTIONAL

The most moveable type of joint is a 1) Synarthrosis 2) Amphiarthrosis 3) Diarthrosis

FIBROUS JOINTS

Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. (c) Gomphosis Peg in socket fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Suture line Fibula Tibia Socket of alveolar process Root of tooth Dense fibrous connective tissue Ligament Periodontal ligament

CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS

Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints. (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis

A suture joins two cranial bones via 1) Tendons 2) Ligaments 3) Dense fibrous connective tissue 4) Hyaline cartilage 5) Fibrocartilage

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint. Ligament Synovial cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Periosteum Articular capsule

Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths. Acromion of scapula Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Humerus Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Hyaline cartilage Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

True or false: All synovial joints have bursae. 1) True 2) False

True or false: All synovial joints have articular capsules. 1) True 2) False

MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints. Gliding (a) Gliding movements at the wrist

Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints. Hyperextension Extension Flexion (b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck

Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints. Extension Hyperextension Flexion (c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column

Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints. Flexion Extension Flexion Extension (d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the shoulder and knee

Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints. Abduction Adduction Circumduction (e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints. Rotation Lateral rotation Medial rotation (f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb

Figure 8.6a Special body movements. Pronation (radius rotates over ulna) Supination (radius and ulna are parallel) (a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)

Figure 8.6b Special body movements. Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion (b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Figure 8.6c Special body movements. Inversion Eversion (c) Inversion and eversion

Figure 8.6d Special body movements. Protraction of mandible Retraction of mandible (d) Protraction and retraction

Figure 8.6e Special body movements. Elevation of mandible Depression of mandible (e) Elevation and depression

Figure 8.6f Special body movements. Opposition (f) Opposition

Turning your palms face down is. 1) Rotation 2) Circumduction 3) Pronation 4) Supination

Bending your knee is an example of. 1) Flexion 2) Extension 3) Dorsiflexion 4) Plantar flexion

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial a Plane joint (intercarpal joint) c b a e d

Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial b Hinge joint (elbow joint) c b a e d

Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a e d

Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial d Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) c b a e d

Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) c b a e d

Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c b f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a e d

Which of the following joints produces multiaxial movement? 1) Gliding joint 2) Saddle joint 3) Condyloid joint 4) Ball-and-socket joint

JOINT INJURIES: FOCUS ON THE KNEE

Figure 8.8a The knee joint. Femur Articular capsule Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Figure 8.8b The knee joint. Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus (b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Figure 8.8c The knee joint. Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Fibular collateral ligament Fibula Medial patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament Tibia (c) Anterior view of right knee

Figure 8.8d The knee joint. Tendon of adductor magnus Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Popliteus muscle (cut) Tibial collateral ligament Femur Articular capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Bursa Fibular collateral ligament Tendon of semimembranosus muscle Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibia (d) Posterior view of the joint capsule, including ligaments

Figure 8.8e The knee joint. Fibular collateral ligament Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Tibia Fibula Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon (e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally)

Figure 8.8f The knee joint. Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Patella (f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)

Figure 8.9 A common knee injury. Lateral Hockey puck Patella (outline) Medial Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn)

A meniscus is 1) A pad of fibrocartilage between bones 2) The same as articular cartilage 3) Found in all synovial joints 4) All of the above

DEGENERATIVE JOINT CONDITIONS

Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.

The progressive joint disease due to autoimmune reaction is 1) Paget s Disease 2) Osteoarthritis 3) Rheumatoid arthritis 4) Tendonitis

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