Arthrology the study of joint structure, function and dysfunction. Sentenced to Life in the Joint
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1 Arthrology Arthrology the study of joint structure, function and dysfunction Sentenced to Life in the Joint
2 Kinesiology study of musculo-skeletal movement Articulations any point where two bones meet (joint) Joints are named for the bones involved
3 Classification of Joints 1. Bony (Synostosis) immovable joint
4 Classification of Joints 2. Fibrous (Synarthrosis) adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers A. Sutures Serrate, Lap, Plane B. Gomphoses Attachment of a tooth to its socket C. Syndesmoses 2 bones bound by longer collagenous fibers
5 Classification of Joints 3. Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthrosis) Synchondroses bones bound by hyaline cartilage Symphyses bones joined by fibrocartilage
6 Classification of Joints 4. Synovial Joints (diarthrosis) - freely movable
7 Range of Motion Range of Motion Determination Structure of the articular surfaces Strength and tautness of ligaments Action of muscles and tendons
8 Classes of Synovial Joints Determined by their articular surface shape and the number of degrees of freedom Ball and Socket Joint Smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cup-like socket Condylar (ellipsoid) Joint Oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a similar shaped depression on the 2 nd bone Saddle Joints Both bones have a saddle-shaped surface 1 bone concave, the other convex
9 Classes of Synovial Joints Plane (gliding) Joints Bone surfaces are flat or very slightly concave or convex bones slide over one another Hinge Joints One bone has a convex surface that fits into a concave depression on the other bone Pivot Joints a bone spins on its longitudinal axis *NOTE: Some joints are not neatly classified
10 Terms of Joint Movements NOTE: All terms are based off of anatomical position, this is called zero position for each joint Flexion decrease a joint angle Extension straightens a joint; returns to zero position Hyperextension extension beyond zero position
11 Terms of Joint Movements Abduction moving a body part away from the body midline in the frontal plane Adduction movement in towards the midline in the frontal plane Hyperadduction crossing arms or legs Hyperabduction raise the arms high enough to cross over the front or back of the head
12 Terms of Joint Movements Elevation raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane Depression lowers a body part
13 Terms of Joint Movements Protraction anterior movement of a body part in a horizontal plane Retraction posterior movement
14 Terms of Joint Movements Circumduction one end of an appendage remains still while the other makes a circular motion
15 Terms of Joint Movements Rotation a bone spins on its long axis Medial (internal) towards the midline Lateral (external) away from the midline
16 Terms of Joint Movements Supination the forearm moves to turn the palm to face anteriorly Pronation Causes the palm to face posteriorly or downward
17 Thumb Movements Opposition moves the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers Reposition return of the thumb to zero position
18 Foot Movements Dorsiflexion movement where the toes were elevated Plantar Flexion Movement of the foot so the toes point downward Inversion turning the soles medially Eversion turning the soles laterally
19 Injuries Strain painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle Sprains torn ligament or tendon with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage Tendinitis a tendon sheath is inflamed Bursitis inflammation of a bursa
20 Injuries Bone Fractures Closed skin is not broken Open skin is broken and bone is visible Complete broken in 2 or more pieces Incomplete partial fracture, bone remains joined Nondisplaced bone is still in anatomical position Displaced broken portions are out of anatomical position
21 Fracture Healing 1. Blood clot forms 2. Blood capillaries grow into the clot 3. Osteoclasts, osteogenic cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts convert the blood clot to granulation tissue 4. Fibroblasts in granulation tissue deposit collagen and chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage, the soft callus 5. Osteoblasts produce a bony collar, the hard callus 6. Remodeling takes 3-4 months
22 Fracture Healing
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