ESSENTIALS OF STRENGTH TRAINING AND CONDITIONING MULTIMEDIA SYMPOSIUM Presentation 5: Measurement and Evaluation by: Andrew Fry, PhD, CSCS NSCA Certification Commission 3333 Landmark Circle Lincoln, NE 68504 402-476-6669 888-746-2378 commission@nsca-cc.org www.nsca-cc.org
MULTIMEDIA SYMPOSIUM OVERVIEW This multimedia symposium was developed for the specific purpose of providing individuals who sit for the Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS ) certification exam with a review of facts, concepts, and theories that are relevant to strength training and conditioning. You are encouraged to simultaneously listen and watch the symposium video presentation, view the PowerPoint slide show, follow along in the presentation outline, and add your own notes in the spaces within the outline (more paper may be necessary). To maximize the value of the multimedia symposium when preparing for the CSCS exam, you may find it helpful to first study the Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (2 nd edition) text. Further, candidates who perform well on the CSCS exam typically have considerable practical experience in strength training and conditioning athletes (e.g., designing programs, teaching proper exercise technique, performing testing sessions) and a strong academic background in the exercise sciences (i.e., anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, etc.). For additional suggestions for preparing for the CSCS exam, go to www.nsca-cc.org. NOTICE: Although this presentation was recorded live and then professionally edited for scope and length, there are some room sounds, voice fluctuations, abrupt video cuts and piecing of video clips, and content variations. Every possible effort was made to minimize these irregularities. All of the content of the multimedia symposium is protected by copyright. No part of the multimedia symposium may be reproduced or transmitted (in part or in full) by any means or in any form, electronic or mechanical, including digital copying or recording, or via any information retrieval system, including internet and intranet communications, without permission in writing from the NSCA Certification Commission. While comprehension of the information provided by the multimedia symposium should certainly increase the likelihood of passing the CSCS certification exam, it does not guarantee a successful performance. The questions on the CSCS exam are developed from numerous resources in addition to the multimedia symposium. 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 2
I. Purposes of Measurement and Evaluation A. Objectives of program B. Pre-post assessment C. Evaluation II. Test Characteristics A. Validity 1. General definition and example 2. Types of validity a. Face/logical b. Content c. Predictive d. Criterion B. Reliability 1. Definition and example 2. Objective vs. subjective tests C. Relationship between validity and reliability 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 3
III. Test Selection A. Appropriate for population B. Relevant to sport/activity requirements C. Based on gender and appropriate for age D. Consider prior experience of subject E. Be aware of the testing environment F. Remove bias G. Discriminate between high performers and low performers (Figure 1) Exercise Testing and Sport Division Levels Division I Division II Division III Bench press (kilograms) 144.5 135.2 128.6 Squat (kilograms) 192.5 182.5 176.9 Clean (kilograms) 123 116.5 113 40-yard dash (seconds) 4.88 4.92 4.96 Vertical jump (centimeters) 72.8 69.3 67.4 IV. Statistical Analysis A. Measures of central tendency 1. Mean 2. Median 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 4
3. Mode B. Measures of variability (Figure 2) 1. Normal bell-shaped curve or distribution 2. Range 3. Standard deviation 4. Skewed data/scores (note: the speaker mentions the scores in the second view of Figure 2 are skewed to the right, but they are skewed to the reader s left when you are looking at the figure) C. Statistical techniques (to express data) 1. Frequency plot 2. Normative data 3. Percentiles 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 5
4. Correlations a. Perfect relationship (Figure 3) 275 Negative Correlation 225 Positive Correlation 1RM 175 125 75 100 110 120 130 140 150 Body weight (pounds) b. Strong and weak relationship (Figures 4 and 5) 275 225 1RM 175 125 75 100 110 120 130 140 150 Body weight (pounds) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 6
13 12 1.5 mile run 1RM (minutes) 11 10 9 130 140 150 160 170 180 Body weight (pounds) V. Test Administration A. Planning B. Time constraints C. Test sequence (in this order) 1. Non-fatiguing tests (e.g., skinfold and girth measurements, flexibility, height, weight, vertical jump) 2. Agility tests (e.g., T-test, Edgren Side Step test) 3. Maximum power and strength tests (e.g., 3RM power clean, 1RM bench press) 4. Sprint tests (e.g., 40-yard [37-m] sprint) 5. Local muscular endurance tests (e.g., 1 minute sit-up test) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 7
6. Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests (e.g., 400-meter [437-yd] run, 300-yard [275-m] shuttle run) 7. Aerobic capacity tests (e.g., 1.5-mile [2.4-km] run or 12-minute run) If an aerobic endurance test cannot be performed on a different testing date, then it should be performed last (after an hour-long rest period) D. Recording scores E. Training testers and subjects F. Warm-up activities G. Practice trials H. Supervision I. Motivation J. Safety 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 8
VI. Examples of Tests A. Muscular strength 1. One repetition maximum (1RM) a. Free weights (Photos 1 and 2) b. Machines (Photo 3) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 9
2. Isometric tests (Photo 4) 3. Isokinetic tests (Photo 5) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 10
4. Concentric/eccentric testing (Photo 6) B. Local muscular endurance 1. Bodyweight calisthenics (Photo 7) a. Sit-ups b. Push-ups 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 11
2. Multiple repetition tests a. Estimating the 1RM (Photo 8) C. Aerobic capacity 1. Metabolic (treadmill) cart (Photo 9) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 12
2. Relationship of heart rate and VO 2 (Figure 6) 3. Sub-max bike test (Photo 10) 4. Other modalities 5. Walk/run test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 13
6. Step test (Photo 11) 7. Arm crank (Photo 11, above) D. Anaerobic power 1. Vertical jump (VJ) a. Different types (Photo 12) b. Estimating power 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 14
c. Varying start position, techniques, and approach (Photo 13) 2. Margaria-Kalamen test (Photo 14) 3. Wingate test (Photo 14, above) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 15
4. Seated shot put/medicine ball test (Photo 15) 5. Machine power tests (Photos 16 and 17) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 16
6. Weightlifting movements (Photo 18) E. Anaerobic endurance/capacity 1. Wingate test (Photo 19) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 17
2. 300-yard shuttle run (Figure 7) 25 yards (22.86 meters) Athlete X Athlete X Start/Finish Line (6 round-trips) F. Agility 1. Considerations a. Type/number of direction changes (Photo 20) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 18
b. Distance run (Photo 21) c. Sport-specific examples 2. Examples a. AAHPERD shuttle run (Photo 22) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 19
b. Side-to-side agility test (Photo 23) c. NSCA T-test (Figure 8 and Photo 24) C B D Start / finish line A A to B = 10 yards (9.14 meters) B to C = 5 yards (4.57 meters) B to D = 5 yards (4.57 meters) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 20
d. Southeast Missouri agility test (Figure 9 and Photo 25) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 21
e. Nebraska agility test (Photo 26) f. Spider run (Photo 27) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 22
g. Hexagon agility test (Photo 28) h. Nelson choice response (Photo 29) G. Speed 1. Short distance 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 23
2. Starts a. Body positions (Photo 30) b. Stopwatch timing c. Flying start (Photo 31) d. Starting commands 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 24
3. Surface (Photo 32) a. Turf b. Grass c. Wood d. Tile e. Track 4. Methods of timing a. Hand-held stopwatch b. Electronic c. Filming 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 25
H. Flexibility/ROM 1. Sit and reach (Photo 33) 2. Goniometer (Photo 34) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 26
3. Leighton flexometer (Photo 35) 4. Functional tests a. Shoulder flexibility (Photo 36) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 27
b. Squat test (Photo 37) I. Body composition 1. Ultrasound 2. DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 28
3. Underwater weighing (Photo 38) 4. Skinfolds (Photo 39) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 29
5. Bioelectrical impedance (Photo 40) 6. Infrared interactance (Photo 41) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 30
J. Anthropomorphic measurements 1. Height-to-weight ratio [to determine body mass index (BMI)] (Photo 42) 2. Waist-to-hip ratio (Photo 43) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 31
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Aerobic power the rate of oxygen uptake during exercise Agility the ability to change the direction of body movement or body positions Anaerobic power the rate of performing work using primarily anaerobic energy systems Anthropometry the measurement of body dimensions Body composition the measurement of relative proportions of fat and lean mass Correlation the nature of the association of one variable with a second variable Criterion score the test score actually used to determine test performance Criterion variable the test score used to predict an individual s ability on a different task Field test tests performed outside the laboratory in an applied setting Flexibility the range of motion around a joint Formative evaluation testing performed at regular intervals to determine progress Goniometer a device for measuring the degrees of motion at a joint Isokinetic strength muscular forces developed at a constant limb velocity Local muscular endurance the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeatedly contract against a submaximal resistance Mean the average score of a distribution of scores Measurement error the scoring difference between two administrations of the same test Median the middle score of a distribution of scores Mode the most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores Muscular strength the force that a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance at a specified velocity Normal distribution a distribution characterized by a bell-shaped curve, and the mean = median = mode 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 32
Objectivity the ability of multiple scorers to agree on test performance Percentiles a rating system based on the percentage of scores below a specific score Program objective the goals of a training program Repetition maximum the most resistance that can be moved for a specified number of repetitions Range the lowest and highest scores in a distribution Reliability the repeatability of a test performance Standard deviation the score in the middle 68% of a normal distribution T-score also known as a standard score, this system designates the mean = 50, and each standard deviation = + 10 Validity the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 33
PRESENTATION REFERENCES 1. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (6 th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger. 2000. 2. American College of Sports Medicine. Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Training and Prescription (2 nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger. 1991. 3. Baechle, T.R. and R.W. Earle. (Eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (2 nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2000. 4. Fleck, S.J. and W.J. Kraemer. Designing Resistance Training Programs (2 nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1997. 5. Gore, C.J. (Ed.). Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2000. 6. Heyward, V. Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (4 th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2002. 7. Knuttgen, H. and W.J. Kraemer. Terminology and measurement in exercise performance. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research 1(1):1-10. 1987. 8. Lacy, A.C. and D.N. Hastad. Measurement for Evaluation in Physical Education and Exercise Science (5 th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. 2002. 9. Maud, P.J. and C. Foster. (Eds.). Physiological Assessment of Human Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1995. 10. Thomas, J.R. and J.K. Nelson. Research Methods in Physical Activity (5 th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2005. 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 34
INDEX TO IMAGE REFERENCES IMAGE NO. F = figure TITLE OF IMAGE IMAGE REFERENCE P = photo F1 Exercise Testing and Sport Division Level Data from: Fry, A.C. and W.J. Kraemer. Physical performance characteristics of American football players. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research 5(3). 1991. F2 Normal Bell Curve 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. F3 Correlations 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. F4 Strong Relationship, High Correlation 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. F5 Weak Relationship, Low Correlation 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. F6 An Example of Changes in Heart Rate with Increasing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. Rates of Work F7 300-yard Shuttle Run 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. F8 NSCA T-Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. F9 Southeast Missouri Agility Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P1 Lower Body Muscular Strength Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P2 Upper Body Muscular Strength Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P3 Upper Body Machine Muscular Strength Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P4 Isometric testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P5 Isokinetic Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P6 Concentric (top) and Eccentric (bottom) Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P7 Local Muscular Endurance Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P8 Estimating a 1RM 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P9 Aerobic Capacity Testing using a Metabolic (Treadmill) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. Cart P10 Aerobic Capacity Testing using a Sub-max Bike Test P11 Aerobic Capacity Testing using a Step Test (top) or Arm 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. Crank (bottom) P12 Sargeant VJ (top) and Step Approach VJ (bottom) Testing P13 Static, Non-counter-movement Start (top) and No Arm 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. Swing VJ (bottom) Testing P14 Margaria-Kalamen Test (top) and Wingate Test (bottom) 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P15 Seated Shot Put/Medicine Ball Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P16 Machine Power Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P17 Dynamometer P18 Power Testing using a Weightlifting Exercise (e.g., the snatch) P19 Wingate Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P20 Type and Number of Direction Changes 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P21 Distance Run Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P22 AAHPERD Shuttle Run 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P23 Side-to-side Agility Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P24 NSCA T-Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P25 Southeast Missouri (SEMO) Agility Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P26 Nebraska Agility Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P27 Spider Run 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P28 Hexagon Agility Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P29 Nelson Choice Response 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P30 Body Positions and Timing Methods 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P31 Flying Start Speed Test 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P32 Speed Surface Options 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P33 Sit and Reach Flexibility Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P34 Goniometer Flexibility Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P35 Leighton Flexometer Flexibility Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P36 Shoulder Flexibility Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P37 Squat Test Flexibility Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P38 Underwater Weighing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. P39 Skinfold Pinch at the Thigh (top) and Skinfold Pinch at 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. the Triceps Brachii (bottom) P40 Bioelectrical Impedance Testing 2006 NSCA Certification Commission. 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 35
P41 Infrared Interactance Testing P42 Height-to-weight Ratio P43 Waist-to-hip Ratio The NSCA Certification Commission has made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed and referenced material. If any material has been inadvertently overlooked, the NSCA Certification Commission will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. 2006 NSCA Certification Commission Page 36