Cardivascular System 5 th LECTURE Please check ur Editing File befre studying this lecture
Objectives: Identify the cmpnents f the cardivascular system. Describe the heart in regard t (psitin, chambers, and valves). Describe the bld vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). Describe the prtal system. Describe the functinal and anatmical end arteries. Describe arterivenus anastmsis. Describe the cmpnents bld and its functin. Describe sinusids. Lecture s Guide: Text in pink was nly fund in the girls slides. Text in blue was nly fund in the bys slides. Text in red is cnsidered imprtant. The Dr. s cmments in class are written in green.
Cmpsitin f the Cardivascular system: 1.Heart: pumps bld thrughut the bdy. 2.Bld vessels: a netwrk f tubules. 3.Bld: transprt vehicle. Functins f CVS: It is a transprtatin system which uses bld as the transprt vehicle. It carries xygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hrmnes, and many ther substances vital fr hmestasis. The frce needed t mve bld arund the bdy is prvided by the beating f the heart (cntractin f the heart). The Heart: Is a hllw, cne shaped muscular pump that keeps bld circulatin ging. It is rughly the size f the persn s fist. It has: Apex (Inferir) Base (Superir) Tw Surfaces: Diaphragmatic (Inferir) Sterncstal (Anterir) Smetimes the base is cnsidered a 3 rd surface and is called the psterir surface. Brders: Right, Left, Inferir.
Lcatin f the Heart It lies in a centrally lcated partitin in the thracic cavity knwn as the Middle Mediastinum between the tw pleural sacs. Mediastinum: space in the thracic cavity between the tw lungs, frm the sternum t the vertebral clumn. 2/3 f the heart lies t the left f the median plane. Enclsed by a duble sac f serus membranes (Pericardium). The uter wall f the heart is made up f three layers : 1- Epicardium 2- Mycardium 3- Endcardium The pleural cavity: is the thin fluid-filled space between the tw pulmnary pleurae (visceral and parietal) f each lung. A pleura: is a serus membrane which flds back nt itself t frm a tw-layered membranus pleural sac. Champers f the heart (2 Superir & 2 Inferir) Atria: (plural: atria, singular: atrium) Tw (Right & Left) Superir in psitin. They are the receiving chambers. They have thin walls. The upper part f each atrium is the Auricle. The Right Atrium is the first chamber that receives venus bld entering the heart frm the bdy. The Left Atrium receives arterial bld cming frm the lungs. Ventricles: Inferir chambers (Right & Left). They Have thick walls (because the ventricles are the pumping part f the heart.) They are the discharging chambers (actual pumps). Their cntractin prpels bld ut f the heart int the circulatin. The left ventricle frms the apex f the heart. The right atrium and ventricle receive and pump the venus bld (dexygenated bld), while the left atrium and ventricle receive and pump the arterial bld (xygenated bld). The left ventricle is thicker than the right due t having t deal with a higher bld pressure. Fr mre explanatin click Here https://www.yutube.cm/watch?v=h04 d3rjclce&t=75s
Valves f the heart The heart has FOUR VALVES: Tw Atri-Ventricular valves. One Artic Semilunar valve. One Pulmnary Semilunar valve. ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES: Valves between atria & ventricles. They allw the bld t flw in ne directin frm the atria t the ventricles. Right Atriventricular Valve (Tricuspid). (cnnects the right ventricle & atrium) Left Atriventricular Valve (Bicuspid) (Mitral). (cnnects the left ventricle & atrium) Valves تمنع رجوع الدم للوراء:(اختصار) ne way directin. SEMILUNAR VALVES (AORTIC & PULMONARY): Between the right and left ventricles and the great arteries leaving the heart. Artic Semilunar Valve (between left ventricle and the arta) Pulmnary Semilunar Valve (between right ventricle and the pulmnary trunk) They allw the flw f bld frm the ventricles t these arteries. اذا رجع الدم للوراء يعني هناك خلل في الصمامات BLOOD VESSELS Arteries Veins Capillaries Thick walled. D nt have valves. The smallest arteries are arteriles. Thin walled. Many f them pssess valves. The smallest veins are venules. Cnnect arteriles and venules. Help t enable the exchange f water, xygen, and ther nutrients be tween bld and the tissues.
ARTERIES They transprt bld frm the heart and distribute it t the varius tissues f the bdy thrugh their branches. Carry xygenated bld away frm the heart. TWO EXCEPTIONS: The pulmnary arteries: Carries dexygenated bld frm the heart t the lungs. The umbilical arteries: Supplies dexygenated bld frm the fetus t the placenta in the umbilical crd. ANASTOMOSIS It is the jining f terminal branches f arteries. It is the cnnectin f tw structures. e.g. Intestinal arteries الهدف منه ان لو جزء من من االوعية انسد الدم يصل من الجزء اآلخر. يكون موجود في األماكن اللي تحتاج دمن بصورة مستمرة مثل األمعاء. END ARTERIES It is the artery that is the nly supply f xygenated bld t a prtin f tissue. Arteries which d nt anastmse with their neighbrs are called end arteries. Examples: Splenic artery. Renal artery. Anatmic End Arteries: Vessels whse terminal branches d nt anastmse with branches f arteries supplying adjacent areas (e.g. Central artery f Retina). Functinal End Arteries: The terminal branches d anastmse with branches f adjacent arteries but the anastmsis is insufficient t keep the tissue alive if ne f the arteries is ccluded.
VEINS They transprt bld back t the heart. The smaller veins (Tributries) unite t frm larger veins which cmmnly jin with ne anther t frm Venus Plexuses. Carry dexygenated bld tward the heart. Tw Exceptins: The pulmnary veins: Receive xygenated bld frm the lungs and drain int the left atrium f the heart. The umbilical veins: Carry xygenated bld frm the placenta t the grwing fetus. DEEP VEINS (VENAE COMITANTES) Tw veins that accmpany medium sized deep arteries Vena cmitantes is Latin fr: accmpanying vein. They are fund clse t arteries s that the pulsatins f the artery aid venus return. Venae cmitantes are usually fund with smaller arteries, especially thse in the limbs. Larger arteries d nt have venae cmitantes. They usually have a single, similarly sized vein. Deep Veins Large Arteries Medium Arteries 1 vein (N Venae Cmitantes) 2 Veins, ne n each side (Venae Cmitantes)
CAPILLARIES Micrscpic vessels in the frm f a netwrk. They cnnect arteriles t venules. (Site f the unin between the arteries and veins) They allw the exchange f water, xygen, and many ther nutrients between bld and the tissue. SINUSOIDS Thin walled bld vessels like capillaries. They are wider with irregular crss diameter. They are fund in: 1. Liver 2. Spleen 3. Bne marrw 4. Pituitary gland ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS Direct cnnectins between arteries and veins withut the interventin f capillaries. Fund in tips f the fingers and tes.
BLOOD CIRCULATION OF THE HAERT (in bys slides nly) القلب مسؤول عن تغذية الجسم كامال CORONARY CIRCULATION The heart has its wn bld vessels that prvide the mycardium with xygen and the nutrients necessary t be able t pump bld t the bdy. The left and right crnary arteries branch ff frm the arta and prvide bld t the left and right sides f the heart. The crnary sinus is a vein n the psterir side f the heart that returns dexygenated bld frm the mycardium t the vena cava. The crnary artery branches ut f the base f the arta. (يطلع من ) Great, middle, and small crnary veins drain int the crnary sinus. Crnary sinus drains int right atrium. - Bld flw in the Bld Circulatin f the heart: Arta Left & Right Crnary Arteries Nurish the Mycardium Small, Middle, and Great Crnary Veins Crnary Sinus Right Atrium
INNERVATION OF THE HEART (in bys slides nly) VISCERAL MOTOR INNERVATION The heart receives visceral mtr innervatins, by: Sympathetic (speeds up) Parasympathetic (slws dwn) BLOOD CIRCULATION 1 - Systemic Circulatin (Majr Systemic Circulatin): the flw f bld between the heart and the cells f the bdy. Takes place between the heart and every cell f the bdy. Bld is pumped frm the left ventricle t all tissues in the bdy thrugh the arta and its systemic arteries which ultimately terminate in capillaries. Oxygen pr bld circulates frm the tissues t the capillaries, venules, & veins back t the right atrium thrugh the Systemic Veins. Left Ventricle Arta & Systemic Arteries Capillaries Tissue Capillaries Venules & Veins Right atrium 2 - Pulmnary Circulatin (Cardipulmnary) (Minr Systemic Circulatin): the flw f bld between the heart and lungs. Takes place between the heart and lungs. Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium 4 Pulmnary Veins (2 frm each lung) Left Ventricle The right side f the heart (right atrium & ventricle) receive xygen pr bld. This bld is pumped frm the heart t the lungs thrugh the pulmnary trunk. Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. Bld is returned t the left side f the heart (left atrium & ventricle) thrugh 4 pulmnary veins. Pulmnary Trunk (Artery*) Lungs (Exchange gases) *Artery: any vessel exists frm the heart, always cntaining Arterial bld. Except (Pulmnary Trunk) cntains Venus bld. *Veins: any vessel enters the heart, always cntain venus bld. Except (Pulmnary Veins) cntain Arterial bld.
BLOOD CIRCULATION (cnt.) 3 - Hepatic Prtal Circulatin: bld flws frm the GIT t the liver thrugh the prtal vein then t systemic circulatin via IVC (inferir vena cava). *A netwrk f capillaries is knwn as a capillary bed. Prtal circulatin System It is a system f vessels interpsed between tw capillary beds it ccurs when a capillary bed pls int anther capillary bed thrugh veins, withut first ging thrugh the heart. It takes place in the liver and sme endcrine glands (Pituitary gland). Veins leaving the gastrintestinal tract d nt g directly t the heart (because it cntains CO 2 and digested fd). They pass the Prtal Vein. This vein enters the liver and breaks up int veins f diminishing size which ultimately jin capillary like vessels (Sinusids): first capillary bed. Venus bld enters the 2 nd capillary bed then t smaller veins that leave the liver thrugh hepatic veins.
Bld in bys slide nly Bld is the actual carrier xygen and nutrients int arteries. Bld is made mstly f plasma, which is a yellwish liquid that is 90% water. Plasma als cntains salts, glucse, and ther substances. Mst imprtantly, plasma cntains prteins that carry imprtant nutrients t the bdy s cells and strengthen the bdy s immune system. Bld has 3 main types f bld cells that circulate with the plasma. Types Of Bld Cells in bys slide nly PLATELETS Help bld clt, cltting stps the bld frm flwing ut f the bdy when a vein r artery is brken. Platelets are als called thrmbcytes. RED BLOOD CELLS Carry xygen, a healthy adult has abut 35 trillin f them. Red bld cells are als called erythrcytes. WHITE BLOOD CELLS These cells, which cme in many shapes and sizes, are vital t the immune system against infectins. When the bdy is fighting ff infectin, they increase. White bld cells are als called leukcytes. Fr mre details: watch this vide https://www.yutube.cm/watch?v=npftqlpuq3m
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES in bys slide nly HEART ATTACK Occurs when bld flw t a part f the heart is blcked by a bld clt. If this clt cuts ff the bld flw cmpletely, the part f the heart muscle supplied by that artery begins t die. Mst peple survive their first heart attack and return t their nrmal lives t enjy many mre years f prductive activity. ISCHEMIC STROKE Happens when a bld vessel that feeds the brain gets blcked, usually frm a bld clt. When the bld supply t a part f the brain is shut ff, brain cells will die. HEMORRHAGIC STROKE Occurs when a bld vessel within the brain bursts. The mst likely cause is uncntrlled hypertensin. HEART FAILURE It means the heart isn't pumping bld as well as it shuld. The heart keeps wrking, but the bdy's need fr bld and xygen isn't being met. ARRHYTHMIA This is an abnrmal rhythm f the heart. The heart can beat t slw, t fast r irregularly. HEART VALVE PROBLEMS When heart valves dn't pen enugh t allw the bld t flw thrugh as it shuld.
Summary The cardivascular system is a transprting system. It is cmpsed f the heart and bld vessels. The heart is cne shaped, cvered by pericardium and cmpsed f fur chambers. The bld vessels are the arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries transprt the bld frm the heart. The terminal branches f the arteries can anastmse with each ther freely r be anatmic r functinal end arteries. Veins transprt bld back t the heart. Sinusids are a special type f capillaries. The prtal system is cmpsed f tw sets f capillaries. It is fund in the liver & pituitary gland. Capillaries cnnect the arteries t the veins. The prtal system is cmpsed f tw sets f capillaries. The veins frm the GIT g t the liver first thrugh the prtal vein. Bld is the actual carrier f xygen and nutrients int arteries.
Summary (cnt.) Venae Cavae Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Systemic Veins Right Ventricle Capillari es Pulmna ry Semiluna r Valve Systemic Arteries BLOOD CIRCULATION Pulmna ry Trunk Arta Lungs Artic Semiluna r Valve 4 Pulmna ry Veins Left Ventricle Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve Left Atrium
MCQ Q1: The heart is lcated in the middle Mediastinum. (T r F) A- True B- False Q2: Which ne f the fllwing is a tricuspid valve? A- Right AVV B- Left AVV C- Artic valve D- Pulmnary valve Q3: Arteries have valves. (T r F) A- T B- F Q4: Arteries which d nt anastmse with their neighbrs are called sinusids. (T r F) A- T B- F Q5: Where can we find arterivenus anastmsis? A- Tips f fingers B- Apex f the heart C- The end f umbilical vein D- Liver Q6: Sinusids are fund in: A- Pituitary gland B-Liver C- Spleen D-All f the answers Q7: Happens when a bld vessel that feeds the brain gets blcked, usually frm a bld clt: A- Heart attack B- Ischemic strke C- Hemrrhagic strke D- Arrhythmia Q8: Occurs when a bld vessel within the brain bursts. A- Ischemic strke B- Hemrrhagic strke C- Arrhythmia D- heart failure Q9: Which f the fllwing chambers receives arterial bld: A- Left atrium B- Right atrium C- Left ventricle D- Right ventricle Q10: Thrmbcytes are als knwn as: A- RBC B- WBC C- Platelets D- Erythrcytes
MCQ Answers 1-A 2-A 3-B 4-B 5-A 6-D 7-B 8-B 9-A 10-C Mind Map https://imgur.cm/a/dsjcm Faisal Fahad ALsaif ( Team Leader) Abdulrahman Sulaiman Aldawd Fahad Aldhwaihy Abdullah Almeaither Abdulelah Abdulhadi Aldssari Saleh Abdullah Almaiqel Abdulaziz Mhammed Alabdulkareem Abdulmajeed Khaled Alwardi Abdulaziz Ibrahim Aldrgam Akram Alfandi Saud Abdulaziz Alghufaily Mhammed Alquwayfili Ali Alammari Sultan Alfuhaid Zeyad Alkhenizan Fahad Alshughaithry Saad Alqile Abduljabbar Alyamani Mhammed Almar Abdullah Alqarni Yazeed Aldssari Fahad Alfaiz Team members Lamia Abdullah AlKuwaiz (Team Leader) Abeer Alabduljabbar Afnan Abdulaziz Almustafa Albandari Alshaye Alfahdah Abdullah Alsaleem Layan Hassan Alwatban Majd Khalid Albarrak Nrah Alharbi Rinad Musaed Alghraiby Rawan Mhammad Alharbi Wafa Altaibi Wejdan Fahad Albadrani Gd Luck