Information Transmission and Signal Transduction ucleic Acids Enzymes ontext-dependent Molecules Definitions Endocrine aracrine Autocrine ormone Receptor Affinity Specificity apacity Mechanism
Type of Signaling Molecule artial List of Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors Examples Receptor Location Mechanism of Action Glycoprotein L, FS ell surface G-protein coupled olypeptide T, alcitonin ell surface G-protein coupled olypeptide Insulin, IGF-I, EGF ell surface Tyrosine kinase olypeptide Atrial atriuretic eptide ell surface Guanylyl cyclase Amino acid Glutamate ell surface Ion channel or G-protein coupled Amino acid derivative Epinephrine ell surface G-protein coupled Amino acid derivative Triiodothyronine Intracellular Amine Acetylcholine ell surface Ion channel or G-protein coupled Fatty acid derivative rostaglandin GE 2 ell surface G-protein coupled Steroid Estradiol, Testosterone, ortisol Intracellular Steroid Estradiol ell surface Ion channel Terpene Retinoic acid Intracellular Gas itric xide Intracellular Guanylyl cyclase Extracellular Ion alcium ell surface G-protein coupled 3 3 3 Acetylcholine 3 3 2 9-cis-Retinoic acid rostaglandin E 2 I all-trans-retinoic acid I I Thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine) 3 1!,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Epinephrine Glutamate 3 itric oxide rogesterone ortisol Aldosterone Testosterone Estradiol
G-rotein oupled Receptors Epinephrine 2 3!-Adrenergic Receptor DB ID 3S6) AT Gs" G# cam G! Adenylyl yclase (inactive) Gs" GT (DB ID 1AZT) ucleotide exchange and # subunit dissociation # GD! "!-Adrenergic + Receptor (Agonist-bound) # GT +! " Adenylyl cyclase activation Adenylyl yclase Gs" GT (DB ID 316) GT Adenylyl # GT hydrolysis cyclase AT 2 2 2 GD cam 2 Adenosine Triphosphate (AT) # Adenylyl cyclase 3,5 -yclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cam) 2 + yrophosphatase +
hosphorylase cam AT hosphorylase Kinase cam-dependent rotein Kinase hosphorylase Kinase AT AD AD hosphorylase 2 2 n hosphorylase 2 2 Glucose-1-phosphate 2 n 1 2 2 2 3,5 -yclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cam) hosphodiesterase 2 Adenosine Monophosphate (AM) 3 3 1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine 3
Related Second Messengers GuanosineTriphosphate (GT) 2 2 Guanylyl cyclase 2 2 hosphodiesterase V 2 2 3,5 -yclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cgm) Guanosine Monophosphate (GM) 3 3 3 2 2 S Sildenafil 2 1,2,3-propanetriol trinitrate 3
Membrane Lipid Signaling hosphatidyl inositol-3-phosphate 2 2 I 3-Kinase hosphatidyl inositol 2 2 hospholipase A 2 Arachidonic acid rostaglandin Synthase Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I 3 ) Diacylglycerol 2 2 hospholipase hosphatidyl inositol-4,5- bisphosphate I 4-Kinase I 5-Kinase 2 2 G2 uclear Receptors
Major Metabolic ontrol ormones ormone Receptor Second messenger Mechanism Target tissues Insulin (51 amino acid heterodimeric peptide) Tyrosine kinase hosphorylated proteins decreased cam Liver, muscle, adipose, pancreas, many others Glucagon (29 amino acid peptide) G-protein coupled cam Sometimes gene Liver, pancreas ortisol (steroid) Altered level of specific mra early all Epinephrine (tyrosine derivative) G-protein coupled (at least four types) cam decreased cam I hydrolysis Liver, muscle, adipose, brain, pancreas, cardiovascular Growth hormone (191 amino acid protein) ytokine family cell surface Tyrosine kinase I hydrolysis Sometimes gene Liver, muscle, adipose; others mediated by IGF-I Thyroid hormone (tyrosine derivative) Altered level of specific mra early all Androgens (steroid) Altered level of specific mra Muscle, gonads, brain