TRENDS IN FOOD AND NUTRIENT INTAKES IN IRELAND Janette Walton PhD School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, UCC Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance www.iuna.net
Dietary surveys of Irish adults (18-64y) National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (28-21) 4-day semi-weighed food diary Nutrient intake estimated using UK food composition tables updated with Irish data Anthropometry (measured) North South of Ireland Food Consumption Survey (NSIFCS) (1997-1999) 7-day estimated food diary Nutrient intake estimated using UK food composition tables updated with Irish data Anthropometry (measured) Irish National Nutrition Survey (INNS) (1988-1989) 7 day diet history Anthropometry (measured)
Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) 3 Significance P<.5 denoted by different superscript kg/m 2 25 2 15 1 5 25.7 a 26.9 b 27.6 c 24.9 a 25.8 b 26.4 b Men Women INNS (1988-89) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Boylan et al. 213 PHN (In press)
% Change in Weight Status Men (18-64y) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 2 26 51 46 44 41 33 3 INNS (1988-99) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) Overweight (25.-29.9 kg/m2) Obese( 3kg/m2) Boylan et al. 213 PHN (In press)
% Change in Weight Status Women (18-64y) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 16 21 28 33 31 56 5 47 INNS (1988-99) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) Overweight (25.-29.9 kg/m2) Obese( 3kg/m2) Boylan et al. 213 PHN (In press)
% Change in Food Intake between NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (28-1) 12 1 96 8 6 63 51 4 2-2 -4-6 -17-13 17-37 -6 9 2-1
g/d Change in patterns of bread intake (g/d) 16 14 12 1 8 6 15 45 12 52 Other Brown/wholemeal White 4 2 78 51 NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1)
g/d Change in patterns of breakfast cereal intake (g/d) 6 5 4 24 3 2 19 33 RTEBC Porridge type 1 16 NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1)
g/d Change in patterns of milk intake (g/d) 3 25 5 2 88 17 15 1 5 15 93 12 Other Reduced fat Whole NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1)
g/d Change in patterns of fruit & vegetable intake (g/d) 4 WHO recommendation of 4g/d 3 2 1 33 5 97 91 17 2 Fruit Juice Fruit Vegetable Dishes Vegetables 14 94 NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1)
% Change in macronutrient intake 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 15.6 16.9 35.2 33.8 44.3 42.6 Protein (%TE) Fat (%TE) Carbohydrate (%TE) 4.6 5.3 Alcohol (% TE) NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1)
g/d Change in dietary salt intake (g/d) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Mean daily salt intake (dietary) FSAI target population intake of 6g/d 8.8 8. 6.2 5.9 Men Women NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Urinary data NANS: Additional intake of 25-3% from discretionary salt
Changes in dietary salt sources Food group NSIFCS 1997-99 Salt intake (g/d) NANS 28-1 Difference Breads 2.1 1.5.6 Cured/processed meats 1.68 1.33.35 Spreading fats.48.23.25 Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.35.23.1 Milk/milk products.68.6.8 Processed vegetables/veg dishes.1.28.18 Savouries including pizza/pasta dishes.24.33.9
g/d Change in Dietary Fibre intake (g/d) 25. 2. * 15. 1. 24.6 21.1 18.9 17.3 5.. Men NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Women * Denotes significant difference P<.5
Dietary Fibre adequacy(nans) EFSA 21 recommendation of Dietary Fibre Intake 25g/d Men Women 33.9 16.6 66.1 83.4 Meeting recommendation Not meeting recommendation Excludes under-reporters for energy Bannon 211 PhD thesis
% Change in micronutrient intake between NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (28-1) Men 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 45 35 26 24 2 21 14 13 12 5 Vit A Vit D Vit E Vit B1 Vit B2 Vit B6 Vit B12 Folate Calcium Iron
% Change in micronutrient intake between NSIFCS(1997-99) and NANS (28-1) Women 1 95 9 8 7 6 62 65 67 5 4 3 29 29 4 2 1 13 8 17
µg/d Vitamin D intake and adequacy 1 5.5 1.2 3.2 3.1 NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Nutritionsl Supplements Food Sources NANS (18-64y) % population (18-64y) Intake <1µg (IOM, 21) 93% Intake < 5µg 73%
Vitamin D status (NANS 28-1)(18-64y) 6 Serum 25(OH)D 5 4 3 2 1 55.3 3.8 27.7 14.1 1.9 2.8 <3nmol/l <4nmol/l <5nmol/l Summer Winter Cashman et al. (213) Br J Nutr, 19, 1248-56.
mg/d Iron intake & status(women 18-5y) 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 4.1 3.5 1.5 1 NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Nutritional supplements Food Sources NANS (dietary & biochemical data) Inadequate intake (%<EAR) 53% Low Hb levels 8% Low Fe stores 14% Fe deficiency 4%
µg/d Folate intakes(women 18-5y) Compliance with the folic acid supplementation recommendation of 4µg is low (6%) 4 3 2 1 62 34 254 223 NSIFCS (1997-99) NANS (28-1) Nutritional Supplements Food Sources This additional intake of 59µg may result in approx 13% reduction in risk of NTDaffected births* *estimated by linear extrapolation as per (Daly et al 1997 The Lancet 35,1666-1669)
Conclusions in prevalence of obesity in both men and women trend in intake of breakfast cereals, rice, pasta & savouries and yoghurts trend in intakes of bread, milk & spreading fats No change in intakes of meat, fruit, vegetables or alcoholic beverages
Conclusions in intake of fat-still higher than recommended in intake of salt but still higher than recommended DF intakes inadequate for both men and women with intakes for men trends in micronutrient intake Nutritional supplements Fortified foods Vit D (men and women) and iron and folate (women of childbearing age) still of public health concern
Acknowledgements IUNA survey teams in UCC, UCD and UU led by Prof Albert Flynn, Prof Mike Gibney & Prof Sean Strain This work was funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and the HRB under their joint Food for Health Research Initiative (27-212).