The Yellow Wallpaper CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN 1
Meet the Author Charlotte Perkins Gilman 2
Meet the Author: Charlotte Perkins Gilman As a feminist writer, social activist, public lecturer, editor, and publisher, Charlotte Perkins Gilman rode the wave of reform that washed over the United States in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Her 1898 landmark study, Woman and and Economics called the Bible of the woman s movement at the time argued persuasively that women s economic dependence on men made them veritable slaves in the U.S. society. To rectify the inequities, she advocated child-care centers and communal kitchens so that women could earn money outside the home. In addition, her startlingly original story The Yellow Wallpaper, published in 1892, discredited a popular treatment for women s so called nervous disorders. Looking beyond suffrage, Gilman sought to free women from domestic servitude and foster their intellectual and emotional growth. 3
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Formative Early Years Gilman got a rather shaky start in life. Her father abandoned the family shortly after her birth in Hartford, Connecticut. Her mother, possibly in reaction to her dire circumstances, adopted the odd child-rearing habits of withholding affection and forbidding her daughter to read fiction or form close friendships. Fortunately, financial hardship forced the family to live with relatives, the most prominent among them being Harriet Beecher Stowe, the abolitionist author of Uncle Tom s Cabin, and the feminists Catherine Beecher and Isabella Beecher Hooker. Guided by her strong, successful aunts, young Charlotte grew into a well-adjusted, independent woman. 4
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sweetening Reform with Humor Gilman s first published work was a volume of poetry, In This Our World, which attracted attention for the humorous way she ridiculed social injustice and inequality. Women and Economics garnered similar praise despite its frontal assault on conventional marriage. One reviewer praised the wit and sarcasm that made Gilman s profound social philosophy such an entertaining read. After publishing several more sociological studies, Gilman returned to writing fiction. Herland (1915) is a science-fiction satire about the comic misadventures of three men who stumble upon an allfemale society. Still, Gilman s most popular work continues to be The Yellow Wallpaper, the grim but fascinating portrait of a woman s descent into madness. The one-of-a-kind story has never gone out of print. 5
Meet the Author 1. Having read Gilman s biography, how might the Beechers have affected her? 2. Make a prediction. What might cause the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper to go mad? 6
Text Analysis: First-Person Narrator A story s narrator the character or voice that relates events to the reader can have a marked effect on how you perceive the events of the story. A first-person narrator is a character in the story. This story is narrated by a woman diagnosed with a nervous condition. From reading her journal entries, you learn what she is experiencing mentally and emotionally. As you read, ask yourself how she changes and what causus her to change. Consider whether she is a reliable source of information and what might be left out of her narration. 7
Reading Skill: Understanding Social Context Social context, or the social conditions that inspired or influenced the author, is key to this story s setting. In 1892, when the story was written, women held a very different place in society than they do today. Use your own knowledge, as well as the background information on Charlotte Perkins Gilman, to analyze the social context of this story. Note what the annotated passages reveal about how women were treated and how they were expected to behave. Consider what Gilman may have thought about these conditions and how they influence the way she chooses to present her narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper. (handout) 8
Vocabulary in Context Gilman uses these words in her harrowing story of stress and power: Convolution Fatuity Flamboyant Lurid Misconstrued Recurrent Temperament Undulating 9
Summary In this short story, the narrator, whose doctor-husband has prescribed a rest cure for her depression, keeps a secret diary of a summer spent mostly in bed at a rented country home. She grows increasingly obsessed with the room s yellow wallpaper, imagining a woman trapped in it and wanted to free her by peeling off the paper. Finally, her husband finds her creeping around the room, certain she has freed herself from the torn-off wallpaper. 10
The Yellow Wallpaper (distribute text) 11
Targeted Passage: Lines 1-15 This passage introduces the main characters of the narrator and her husband, the rented home setting, and the main conflict over the narrator s health. Where does the story take place? What does the narrator s husband do? About what do the narrator and her husband disagree? 12
Analyze Visuals: Page 799 Examine the painting. Describe the woman s size, position, and coloring relative to the flowers in the foreground. How does she look next to the flowers? Explain. 13
Tiered Discussion Prompts: Lines 8-13 Connect What does the expression opposites attract mean? How does it help you understand the narrator s relationship with her husband? Analyze In what way does the narrator imply that she and John are opposites? Synthesize How would you expect their differences to prove problematic for the narrator? 14
Text Analysis: First-Person Narrator Reread lines 32 50. Notice how the narrator combines details of the house with her personal feelings about it. How does the author s use of first-person point of view lend to the internal development of the narrator? Support your answer with evidence from the text. 15
Tiered Discussion Prompts: Lines 62-81 Connect What words and moods do you associate with the color yellow? Analyze What do the details of the room suggest about its function for the narrator? 16
Related Vocabulary: Lines 72-77 The wallpaper is central to the narrator s experience and deteriorating mental condition. List words related to the wallpaper in lines 72 77, then use context to determine meaning. 17
Targeted Passage: Lines 82-96 This passage provides important information about the narrator s life and marriage. When does John work? Why has the narrator not been writing? How does the narrator feel about her duty to John? 18
Analyze Visuals: Page 802 Examine the painting. How would you describe the mood of this painting? In your opinion, is it similar to or different from the mood of the story? Explain, citing specific details from each that influenced your answer. 19
Reading Skill: Understanding Social Context Reread lines 99 110 and describe the relationship between the narrator and her husband. What might Gilman be saying about how women were viewed in the late 1800s? 20
Targeted Passage: Lines 134-143 This passage shows the narrator s changing perception of the wallpaper. What does the narrator now see in the wallpaper? How does she feel about what she sees? What childhood entertainment does the narrator recall? 21
Text Analysis: First-Person Narrator Reread lines 134 143. How are the narrator s feelings about the wallpaper changing? Explain whether or not her response to the room s décor seems rational to you. How does the narrator connect her feelings about the wallpaper to those about her health? 22
Reading Skill: Understanding Social Context Examine the narrator s description of John s sister in lines 158 162. How do these lines add to your understanding of the story s setting and how it affects the narrator? 23
Reading Skill: Understanding Social Context Reread lines 177 179. What is suggested or highlighted by the fact that all male characters in the story share common traits? What role does the social context play in shaping the story s setting? Cite evidence to support your answer. 24
Tiered Discussion Prompts: Lines 152-171 Connect How would you respond if a friend said that he or she had seen a formless figure in the wallpaper? Analyze Why doesn t the narrator mention the formless figure to her sister-in-law? Synthesize How would you characterize the narrator s changing perception of the wallpaper? 25
Text Analysis: First-Person Narrator Reread lines 223 229. Imagine the real earnest reasonable talk the narrator describes. How might the account of this scene be different if John were the narrator? How do you think the change in point of view would affect your perception of the main character? Explain your answer. 26
Analyze Visuals: Page 806 Examine the painting. Describe the emotion conveyed by the subject s facial expression. Does this image make you feel more or less sympathetic toward John, the narrator s husband? Explain your answer. 27
Targeted Passage: Lines 236-249 This passage shows the narrator s battle for sanity and her husband s misguided approach to helping her. How does John say that the narrator can get well? Why doesn t the narrator mention what she sees in the wallpaper? How has the wallpaper changed? 28
Tiered Discussion Prompts: Lines 267-289 Connect In your experience, how hard is it to change somebody s mind when the person is convinced of an idea? Analyze Why is John so convinced about the causes of and appropriate treatment for his wife s illness? Consider his training as a doctor and his expectations as a husband. 29
Text Analysis: First-Person Narrator Reread lines 294 295. Consider the narrator s statement. Based on her description of the wallpaper, would you say she has a normal mind? Explain your answer. 30
Targeted Passage: Lines 305-318 This passage reveals the narrator s hallucinations about the wallpaper. What does the narrator say happens to the wallpaper as the light changes? Why does she watch it? What does she see behind the wallpaper? Why does the narrator think the woman remains still? 31