Chapter 36 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems Comparing Bones, Joints, and Muscles You may want to refer students to Chapter 36 in the textbook for a general discussion of skeletal and muscular systems. Time required: 40 minutes Introduction Bones contain both living and nonliving materials. The living part of bone tissue consists of bone cells surrounded by hard, nonliving materials such as the minerals calcium and phosphorus. Canals in the bone tissue contain blood vessels and nerves. Together with the muscular system, bones make movement possible. The bones are connected at junctions called joints. The human body has three types of muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is used to move such body parts as the arms and legs. The second type of muscle, smooth muscle, is found in the walls of the digestive tract and of some blood vessels. The third type of muscle tissue, cardiac muscle, is found only in the heart. In this investigation you will study bone tissue, compare the movements of various joints, and compare the three types of muscle tissue. Problem What is the internal structure of bone? How do various joints move? What are the similarities and differences among the three types of muscle tissue? Pre-Lab Discussion Read the entire investigation. Then, work with a partner to answer the following questions. 1. a. What makes up the living tissue of bone? Bone cells. b.what makes up the nonliving part? Nonliving materials, such as the minerals calcium and phosphorous. 2. How does movement occur in the body? Muscle tissues are attached to bones. The muscle tissue contracts and moves the bones. 3. What types of joint movements are shown in Figure 2? Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation. 4. What would you expect the striations in skeletal and cardiac muscles to look like under a microscope? The striations will look like bands or stripes. Biology Laboratory Manual B/Chapter 36 233
5. In what part of the body can each of the three types of muscle tissue be found? Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Materials Any part of the body that requires voluntary movement. The digestive tract and walls of some blood muscles. The heart. compound light microscope prepared slide of human compact bone with Haversian system prepared slides of human skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Safety Always handle the microscope with extreme care. You are responsible for its proper care and use. Use caution when handling microscope slides, as they can break easily and cut you. Be careful not to force any joint to move in a direction that is uncomfortable. Note all safety alert symbols and review the meaning of each symbol by referring to Safety Symbols on page 8. Procedure Part A. Bone Tissue 1. Observe a prepared slide of a compact bone section under the low-power objective lens of the microscope. CAUTION: Microscope slides break easily. 2. Switch to the high-power objective lens. CAUTION: When turning to the high-power objective lens, you should always look at the objective from the side of your microscope so that the objective lens does not hit or damage the slide. Locate the Haversian canals. Locate the osteocytes (bone cells) within the spaces between the layers of bone. Use Figure 1 as your guide. Draw and label what you see in the circle labeled Compact Bone. Record the magnification you use. Figure 1 Osteocyte Blood vessel Haversian canal Compact Bone 234 Biology Laboratory Manual B/Chapter 36
Part B. Joints and Movements 1. Study Figure 2, which shows the various movements that joints permit. 2. Have your partner try to move each of the joints listed in the Data Table on p. 236. For each joint, place a plus sign ( ) in the appropriate box to indicate that a type of movement is possible. Use a minus sign ( ) to indicate that a movement is not possible. CAUTION: Be careful not to force any movements. A Flexion Flexion the angle between the two bones decreases Extension the angle between the two bones increases Extension Abduction B Abduction a bone is moved away from the midline of the body Adduction a bone is moved toward the midline of the body Adduction Rotation a body part partially revolves on its axis Figure 2 C Rotation Biology Laboratory Manual B/Chapter 36 235
Data Table Joint Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Rotation Neck Shoulder Elbow Wrist Finger Hip Knee Ankle Part C. Muscle Tissue 1. Obtain prepared slides of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Observe each slide under the low-power objective lens of the microscope. 2. Switch to the high-power objective lens. CAUTION: When turning to the high-power objective lens, you should always look at the objective from the side of your microscope so that the objective lens does not hit or damage the slide. Make a sketch of each muscle type in the appropriate space. Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Analysis and Conclusions 1. Observing Where are the blood vessels found in bone tissue? They are found in the Haversian canals. 2. Inferring Why are the Haversian canals in bone tissue important to the living cells? The Haversian canals provide a way for the blood vessels to carry oxygen and nutrients to the living cells. 236 Biology Laboratory Manual B/Chapter 36
3. Observing Which joint(s) permit the most possible movement? Neck, shoulder, and hip. 4. Analyzing Data Which of the various movements do all of the joints in the Data Table permit? Flexion and extension. 5. Inferring Many athletes injure their knee joints. Suggest a reason for the fact that knee injuries are quite common. Knee joints move forward and backward in one plane. In many sports, knees may be twisted in other directions and thus injured. 6. Comparing and Contrasting How are skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue similar? How are they different? Both tissues have striations. Skeletal muscle tissue consists of long fibers that contain many nuclei. Cardiac muscle tissue has many branched cells. 7. Comparing and Contrasting How is smooth muscle tissue different from the other two types of muscle tissue? Smooth muscle tissue consists of small, spindle-shaped cells, each containing a nucleus. There are no striations in smooth muscle tissue. 8. Predicting What would you expect to happen to the striated bands in a skeletal muscle cell when the muscle contracts? The bands get closer together. Going Further Using reference materials, find out the different types of joints and where they are found in the body. Indicate the type of joint in the hip, knee, wrist, ankle, shoulder, elbow, and neck. Record this information in a data table. Biology Laboratory Manual B/Chapter 36 237