Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, 2013 Motion perception and pursuit eye movements 1
Topics: 1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions. 2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective neurons. 3. The effects of brain lesions on motion perception. 4. Structure from motion. 5. Apparent motion. 6. Metacontrast and brightness masking. 7. Optokinetic nystagmus 8. The accessory optic system 9. Summary 2
Neuronal responses to motion in cortex 3
Method for stimulating V1 RFs with moving targets Moving bar Photocell A L D L D B L D L D C D L D L Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 4
Response of an S1 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars UNIT 78-4-12.30 2 1 o RF 1 30sp L D L D 2 RF 2 D L D L Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field 3 D.1.2.3.4.5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE 5 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars UNIT 72-8-13.55 1 o 1 10sp L D L D 2 D L D L Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field 3 L D.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE 6 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars UNIT 91-1-22.27 1 o 1 L D L D 20sp 2 D L D L Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field 3 L.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 deg D 7 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
s 4 L D Summary of cell types in V1 s 1 D s 5 D L.1.2.3.4.5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE.1.2.3.4.5.6.7 deg L D s 2 L D s 6 D L.1.2.3.4.5.6.7 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE.8.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1.0 1.1 deg s 3 L L D.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 deg D s 7 L D L.1.2.3 L.4.5.6 D.7.8.9 1.0 deg L.1.2.3.4.5.6 deg D CX D L.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 deg 8 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Neuronal responses to motion in MT and MST Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please refer to lecture video. 9
The effect of picrotoxin on direction selectivity in retina CONTROL PICROTOXIN RECOVERY null +_ +_ +_ +_ +_ preferred Picrotoxin acts on GABA receptor channels. For mechanism of action 1.5 o see Newland and Cull-Candy, J. Physiol; 1992, 447, 191-2132.h Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 10
Simple inhibitory model with spatial specificity spatially specific inhibition 11 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
A conceptual scheme for types of motion PLANAR 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg LEFT RIGHT DOWN UP CIRCULAR RADIAL 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg COUNTERCLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE IN OUT Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 12
Neuronal responses in MST to various types of motion Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Figure 4 from Duffy, Charles J., and Robert H. Wurtz. "Sensitivity of MST Neurons to Optic Flow Stimuli. I. A Continuum of Response Selectivity to Large-field Stimuli." J Neurophysiol 65, no. 6 (1991): 1329-45. 13
Specificity of directional attributes in MST 40% of the cells respond to all three types of motion 30% of the cells respond to two types of motion 20% of the cells respond to one type of motion 14
Neural mechanisms of directional specificity 15
The effects of lesions on motion perception 16
Motion detection 17
Motion detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions Motion Detection 100 Percent Correct 90 80 Normal 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 V4 Lesion Latencies: Normal = 318ms MT Lesion = 362ms Eager 6 8 10 12 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Normal MT Lesion Latencies: Normal = 234ms MT Lesion =278ms Zeno 6 8 10 12 14 Percent Luminance Contrast Zeno Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 18
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Flicker detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions Flicker Detection 90 Peachy 80 Green Flicker 70 Percent Correct 60 50 40 30 20 Red/Green Flicker MT Lesion V4 Lesion Normal 10 0 5 8 10 15 20 Flicker rate (Hz) 21 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Structure from motion 22
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Apparent motion The jumping disk 25
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THE BASIC BISTABLE QUARTETS DEMO 28
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Display 1a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 29
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Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Display 1b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 32
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION 33
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see lecture video or Display 2 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 34
THE INFLUENCE OF RED/GREEN COLOR ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION 35
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 3a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 36
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 3b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 37
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 7 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 38
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION 2 to 1 diameter ratio A. 39
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 8a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 40
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION 3.5 to 1 diameter ratio B. 41
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 8b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 42
THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR, BRIGHTNESS, SHAPE AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION 43
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 9 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 44
THE INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY 45
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 12b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521. 46
Why we see wheels rotate backwards in the movies 47
A wheel rotating slowly 13 12 11 2345678910 48
A wheel rotating rapidly 121 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 49
Slow rotation Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 50
Rapid rotation Frame 1 Frame 2 51
Metacontrast Disk-ring sequence 52
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Simultaneous presentation 55
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Sequential presentation 57
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Disk and ring and disk alone side by side shown four times 16ms 16ms time 60
cycling disk and ring with equal cycle times 61
Brightness masking 62
Brightness masking 1 2 63
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Brightness masking and metacontrast Brightness masking 1. Effect declines with increasing interstimulus interval 2. Does not occur interocularly 3. Mostly due to differential conduction velocity in retina Metacontrast 1. U shaped function 2. Continues t o occur interocularly 3. Physiology unclear but linked to motion perception magnigtude of effect magnigtude of effect 50 100 150 interstimulus interval in ms 50 100 150 interstimulus interval in ms 67
Schematized RGC cell response to brightness masking Target alone Mask alone spikes 50 50 time Target and mask with two interstimulus intervals ISI ISI 68
Optokinetic nystagmus 69
Optokinetic nystagmus fast phase 1 slow phase 2 3 70
Optokinetic nysgtagmus induced in the left and right eyes of a rabbit Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e Eye Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2- amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21. 71
Optokinetic nysgtagmus after APB injected into the right eye Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e Eye Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2- amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21. 72
The effect of APB on optikinetic nyustagmus in monkey Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e Eye Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2- amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21. 73
Optokinetic response in normal and immobilized eye Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions. Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e Eye Movements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2- amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal of neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21. 74
Motion analysis in the accessory optic system 75
Prime axes of the retinal ganglion cells of Dogiel that feed into the accessory optic system 2 1 3 Ant The axons of the cells of Dogiel project to the terminal nuclei 76
vestibulo-ocular reflex 77 Major Pathways of the Accessory Optic System (AOS) Velocity response of AOS neurons = 0.1-1.0 deg/sec of AOS RGCs in rabbit = 7K out of 350K Number 2 1 Ant Cortex Cerebellum 3 Prime axes of the cells of Dogiel NOT climbing fibers D M 1 Inferior Olive Semicircular canals rate code BS BS L 2,3 2,3 Terminal Nuclei Vestibular Nucleus
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