TOBACCO SMOKING AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Pathogenesis and Cellular Mechanisms
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 272 CIRRHOSIS, HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY, AND AMMONIUM TOXICITY Edited by Santiago Grisolfa, Vicente Felipo, and Maria-Dolores Miiiana Volume 273 TOBACCO SMOKING AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS: Pathogenesis and Cellular Mechanisms Edited by John N. Diana Volume 274 CIRCULATING REGULATORY FACTORS AND NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION Edited by John C. Porter and Daniela Jezova Volume 275 PHOSPHOLIPASE AI: Role and Function in Inflammation Edited by Patrick Y-K Wong and Edward A. Dennis Volume 276 CORONA VIRUSES AND THEIR DISEASES Edited by David Cavanagh and T. David K. Brown Volume 277 OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XII Edited by Johannes Piiper, Thomas K. Goldstick, and Michael McCabe Volume 278 IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND PROPHYLAXIS OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS Edited by Carlos Lopez, Ryoichi Mori, Bernard Roizman, and Richard J. Whitley Volume 279 BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PHOSPHOLIPASE Al AND ITS REGULATORY FACTORS Edited by Ani! B. Mukherjee Volume 280 MYOBLAST TRANSFER THERAPY Edited by Robert C. Griggs and George Karpati A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
TOBACCO SMOKING AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Pathogenesis and Cellular Mechanisms Edited by John N. Diana University of Kentucky Tobacco and Health Research Institute Lexington, Kentucky PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data Tobacco smoking and atherosclerosis: pathogenesis and cellular mechanisms I edited by John N. Diana. p. cm. (Advances in experimental medicine and biology: v. 273) Proceedings of an international symposium held Dec. 10-13. 1989. Includes bibliographical references. Includes index. 1. Atherosclerosls--Pathogenesis--Congresses. 2. Saoklng -Physiological effect--congresses. 3. Smoking--Health Aspects- -Congresses. 4. Vascular endothelium--pathophysiology--congresses. I. Diana. John N. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Arteriosclerosls--etiology--congresses. 2. Arterlosclerosls--pathology--congresses. 3. S.oklng--adverse effects--congresses. W1 AD559 v. 273 I WG 550 TS28 1989) RCS92.TS3 1990 S1S.1'3S071--dc20 DNLM for Library of Congress 90-7922 CIP ISBN-13:978-1-4684-5831-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9 e-isbn-13:978-1-4684-5829-9 Proceedings of an international symposium on Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis and Cellular Mechanisms. held December 10-13, 1989, in Lexington, Kentucky 1990 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE Atherosclerosis is the principal underlying cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in people of the Western world. Cigarette smoking has been implicated in both the initiation and exacerbation of the atherosclerotic process. Data to support this implication derives primarily from epidemiologic studies where the relationship between the incidence of atherosclerosis in people who smoke cigarettes has been shown to have a strong correlation. There are few well established explanations for this phenomenon, and basic molecular, biochemical, and cellular mechanisms associated with smoking and the development of atherosclerosis remain both undefined and virtually unexplored. Even the epidemiologic correlation between cigarette smoking and the development of atherosclerosis needs further critical studies. It is known that individuals who do not smoke cigarettes develop atherosclerosis and it is also known that in people who smoke but have normal or low blood cholesterol/lipoprotein levels, the incidence of development of atherosclerosis is no different from that which is found in a nonsmoking population. Answers which explain such observations must address fundamental biological mechanisms. Toward this end, the purpose of this volume is to assemble, in a single publication, information which will address the questions; what basic cellular and/or molecular mechanisms are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and how does cigarette smoking influence such mechanisms to initiate or exacerbate the atherosclerotic process? Clearly, the development of atherosclerosis is a complex, multifactorial biological event. The current literature related to atherosclerosis encompasses studies with a wide range of area emphasis which includes a multitude of interactive cellular processes; membrane biology; molecular mechanisms associated with cellular signal transduction and cellular membrane receptor characteristics; biochemical, biokinetic, and immunologic processes; as well as hemodynamic and rheologic factors. In large measure the basic mechanisms which are responsible for the observed responses, and especially the interaction of such mechanisms between and among each other, are unknown. Set against this background, the University of KentuckY, Tobacco and Health Research Institute, organized a symposium on "Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis and Cellular Mechanisms" which was held in Lexington, KentuckY, on December 11-13, 1989. Scientists from the USA, Europe, Australia and Asia were assembled to present their research findings and to interchange information and ideas on this important health care topic. v
Gratitude is expressed to those who participated in the symposium and contributed their time and effort to author the various chapters. The financial support of the Kentucky Tobacco Research Board and the outstanding service support by a dedicated Tobacco and Health Research Institute Staff is also gratefully acknowledged. Special appreciation is expressed to Ms. Elaine Fisher and Ms. Carol Smith for their unselfish and untiring efforts in preparing this book for publication. John N. Diana Lexington, KY January, 1990
CONTENTS Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis: Overview. 1 John N. Diana EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES LINKING SMOKING AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Smoking and the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis Henry C. McGill, Jr. Smoking as a Predictor of Atherosclerosis in the Honolulu Heart Program Dwayne Reed, Ellen Marcus, and Takuji Hayashi Cigarette Smoking as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease William S. Weintraub Cigarette Smoking and Extracranial Carotid Atherosclerosis Grethe S. Tell, George Howard, Gregory W. Evans, Michael L. Smith, William M. McKinney, and James F. Toole 9 17 27 39 EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS Smoking, Catecholamines and their Effects on Endothelial Cell Integrity Goran Bondjers, Goran Hansson, Gun Olsson, and Knut Pettersson Cigarette Smoking and Endothelial Injury: A Review R. Michael Pittilo The Effects of Nicotine on Aortic Endothelial Cell Turnover and Ultrastructure Matthew Zimmerman and John K. McGeachie Ultrastructural Events Associated with Endothelial Cell Changes During the Initiation and.early Progression of Atherosclerosis Richard G. Taylor, W. Gray Jerome, and Jon C. Lewis 51 61 79 89 vii
The Effect of Cigarette Smoke, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide on Arterial Wall Permeability and Arterial Wall Uptake of l25i Fibrinogen D.R. Allen and N.L. Browse Some Acute Effects of Smoking on Endothelial Cells and Platelets. James W. Davis 95 107 EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON PLATELETS, VASCULAR TISSUE AND EICOSANOIDS Platelets in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis 119 Wolfgang Siess Smoking, Platelet Reactivity and Fibrinogen Jack Kutti Vascular and Platelet Eicosanoids, Smoking and Atherosclerosis J.Y. Jeremy and D.P. Mikhailidis Macrophage Influence on Smooth Muscle Phenotype in Atherogenesis Gordon R. Campbell and Julie H. Campbell Cigarette Smoking and Platelet Function: Relation to Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide and Saturated Fat Serge Renaud Atherosclerosis Alters the Response to Activated Platelets and Leukocytes Donald D. Heistad, J. Antonio Lopez and Mark L. Armstrong Platelets in Chronic Smokers Show a Hyperactive Response In Vitro to a Foreign Surface. Paul D. Stein, Jan Rival and Jeanne M. Riddle Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions in Individuals Who Smoke Cigarettes.... John J. Murray, Jacek Nowak, John A. Oates and Garret A. FitzGerald Acute Platelet Activation Induced by Smoking Cigarettes: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies in Humans. Kai G. Schmidt, Jens W. Rasmussen, and Vagn Bonnevie-Nielsen 129 135 147 161 173 181 189 199 Alterations of Arachidonate Metabolism System by Cigarette Smoking Hsin-Hsiung Tai, Wen-Chang Chang, Ying Liu, and Shoshi Fukuda in Cardiovascular 211 Effect of Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide on Prostacyclin Production by the Rabbit Heart David James Effeney 225
EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON DIET, CHOLESTEROL/LIPOPROTEINS Relations Between Smoking, Food Intake and Plasma Lipoproteins Anders G. Olsson and Jorgen Molgaard Lipoproteins and Diet in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis James W. Anderson and Tammy L. Floore Apolipoprotein Profiles in Randomly Selected Smokers and Matched Controls Jorgen Molgaard and Anders G. Olsson Normalization of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Following Cessation from Cigarette Smoking Robert J. Moffatt 237 245 259 267 CIGARETTE SMOKING, HEMODYNAMICS AND HEMORHEOLOGY Cigarette Smoking Causes Acute Changes in Arterial Wall Mechanics and the Pattern of Arterial Blood Flow in Healthy Subjects: Possible Insight into Mechanisms of Atherogenesis Colin G. Caro How Does the Arterial Endothelium Sense Flow? Hemodynamic Forces and Signal Transduction Peter F. Davies and Randal O. Dull Smoking and Blood Rheology Edzard Ernst and Wolfgang Koenig 273 281 295 CIGARETTE SMOKING AND CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Coronary Vascular Dynamics: Relationship to Coronary Atherosclerosis Lloyd W. Klein and Annabelle S. Volgman Cigarette Smoking and Coronary Artery Disease Graham A. Colditz Adrenal Release of Catecholamines in the Coronary and Myocardial Response to Nicotine. H. Fred Downey Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine on Platelets and Experimental Coronary Artery Thrombosis J.D. Folts, S.A. Gering, S.W. Laibly, B.G. Bertha, F.C. Bonebrake, and J. W. Keller 301 311 327 339
ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central Nervous System and Atherogenesis: Interrelationships William H. Gutstein and Joseph M. Wu Contributors Index 359 381 385 x