The Human Body An Overview
An Overview of Anatomy OAnatomy - The study of the structure of the human body OPhysiology - The study of body function
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization O Chemical level atoms form molecules O Cellular level cells and their functional subunits O Tissue level a group of cells performing a common function O Organ level a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue O Organ system organs working together for a common purpose O Organism level the result of all simpler levels working in unison
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Figure 1.1
The Integumentary System O Forms external body covering O Protects deeper tissues from injury O Synthesizes vitamin D O Site of cutaneous receptors O (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
The Skeletal System O Protects and supports body organs O Provides a framework for muscles O Blood cells formed within bones O Stores minerals
The Muscular System O Allows manipulation of environment O Movement O Facial expression O Maintains posture O Produces heat
The Nervous System O Fast-acting control system O Responds to internal and external changes
The Endocrine System O Glands secrete hormones that regulate O Growth O Reproduction O Nutrient use
The Cardiovascular System O Blood vessels transport blood O Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide O Also carries nutrients and wastes O Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
The Lymphatic System O Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels O Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system O Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) O Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
The Respiratory System O Keeps blood supplied with oxygen O Removes carbon dioxide O Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
The Digestive System O Breaks down food into absorbable units O Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
The Urinary System O Eliminates nitrogenous wastes O Regulates water, electrolyte, and acidbase balance
Reproductive System O Overall function is to produce offspring O Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones O Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones O Mammary glands produce milk
Gross Anatomy An Introduction Anatomical position a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Figure 1.3
Gross Anatomy An Introduction Regional terms names of specific body areas Axial region the main axis of the body Appendicular region the limbs Directional terminology Refers to the body in anatomical position Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
Orientation and Directional Terms
Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms
Regional Terms
Body Planes and Sections O Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts O Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Body Planes and Sections O Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities and Membranes O Dorsal body cavity O Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. O Cranial cavity houses the brain. O Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord
Body Cavities and Membranes O Ventral body cavity O Thoracic cavity O Pleural cavity O Pericardial cavity O Mediastinum O Abdominopelvic cavity O Abdominal cavity O Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities and Membranes
Other Body Cavities O Oral cavity O Nasal cavity O Orbital cavities
Abdominal Regions Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
Abdominal Quadrants O Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants