Legumes good for the pulse

Legumes good for the pulse

What are legumes? A legume is a plant in the family Leguminosae Legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen due to a symbiotic relationship with bacteria (rhizobia) found in root nodules The ability to fix nitrogen reduces fertilizer costs when the legume is grown in crop rotations Therefore legumes are a vital part of sustainable food production, particularly where soils have low nitrogen

What are pulses? Farmed legumes can belong to many agricultural classes: not all legumes are food Grain legumes are cultivated for their seeds. They are also called pulses. Pulses are used for food and feed Pulses include chick peas, beans, lentils, peas, peanuts and lupins.

Pulses and health: background A major focus of the Australian Dietary Guidelines is to increase the intake of plantderived foods These guidelines also highlight the potential health benefits of legumes (pulses)

Pulses and health: summary of healthy attributes Excellent source of protein: 15-25% Good source of low GI carbohydrate: 30-45% Rich in dietary fibre, including soluble fibre and resistant starch Often a good source of nutrients and phytochemicals thought to provide health benefits: potassium; carotenoids; flavonoids

Pulses and health: the evidence Population studies show that dietary patterns which include pulses are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease Intervention studies have demonstrated benefits of specific pulses on risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Population pulse intakes Despite evidence for health benefits of pulses, intakes remain low in Australian Why are intakes low? Food culture Lack of knowledge Solution Develop novel pulse-derived ingredients which can be incorporated into commonly consumed staple foods: e.g. soy protein Lupin flour is an example of such an ingredient

Lupin grain

Lupin grain with seed coat removed

Lupin enriched foods

Why lupin flour? 45% protein 30% dietary fibre negligible starch 100 80 60 40 20 non-starch polysaccharide starch lipid protein wheat pea soybean lupin

Lupin enriched bread g/100g 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Control Lupin White bread Lupin bread Energy (kj) 1400 1400 Bread weight (g) 126 158 Total moisture (g) 46 68 Total fat (g) 5.7 5.7 Total protein (g) 12 25 15 Total ash (g) 2.1 3.3 10 Total fiber (g) 3.4 15 5 Total carbohydrate (g) 57 40 0 Protein CHO Fat Fibre

Why replace refined carbohydrate with protein and fibre? Refined and modified carbohydrates may contribute to increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and CVD Plant protein and dietary fibre may help to reduce the risk of obesity, diabetes and CVD

Appetite / obesity Protein is the most satiating nutrient Protein compared to carbohydrate results in reduced appetite acutely Fibre-rich diets can also reduce appetite acutely Some evidence for longer-term benefits of protein or fibre-rich diets in weight management

Type 2 diabetes Partial replacement of refined carbohydrate in foods with protein and or fibre can reduce glucose and insulin response / reduce the GI / this may assist in the management of type 2 diabetes Higher fibre diets have been associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes Effects of higher protein diets on risk of type 2 diabetes are not clear

Blood pressure and cholesterol Dietary protein and dietary fibre have independent and additive effects to lower blood pressure in humans Increases in plant protein and fibre may also lower blood cholesterol concentrations

1. Acute effects on appetite in healthy individuals Self reported appetite was reduced by lupin bread : fullness hunger Energy intake was reduced by lupin bread: 25% within a meal 15% at the next meal 8 6 Fullness (cm) 4 2 0 0 50 100 150 meal Time (min) Control Lupin Lee YP, Mori TA, Sipsas S, Barden A, Puddey IB, Burke V, Hall RS, Hodgson JM. Lupin-enriched bread increases satiety and reduces energy intake acutely. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:975-980

2. Acute effects on glucose/insulin and ghrelin in healthy individuals 7.5 Glucose (mmol/l) 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 Control Lupin 0 50 100 150 200 Ghrelin (pg/ml) 4 3 2 1 0 Time (minutes) Control LKF Bread 0 50 100 150 200 Time (minutes) Lee YP, Mori TA, Sipsas S, Barden A, Puddey IB, Burke V, Hall RS, Hodgson JM. Lupin-enriched bread increases satiety and reduces energy intake acutely. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:975-980

3. Acute effects on glucose/insulin in type 2 diabetic subjects Glucose concentration (mmol/l) 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Control Soy Lupin 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 Insulin concentration (mu/l) 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 Dove ER, Mori TA, Chew GT, Barden AE, Woodman RJ, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Hodgson JM. Lupin and soy reduce glycemia acutely in type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr 2011; doi:10.1017/s00007114511001334.

4. Effects of regular consumption body composition and CVD risk factors: an ad libitum diet in overweight individuals A 4 month (16 wks) randomised controlled parallel-designed trial Overweight (BMI >25 kg/m 2 ), but otherwise healthy volunteers 74 participants (26 men, 48 women) Baseline measurements 2 Wks Control (n=37) Lupin (n=37) 16 Wks End of intervention measurements Wk 15 & 16

4. Effects of regular consumption body composition and CVD risk factors: an ad libitum diet in overweight individuals Body weight and composition X-Control O-Lupin Body weight (kg) 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 X O X O X X X X X X X O O O O O O O 82 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 week Between-group differences Body weight: -0.4 kg (P=0.45) Body fat mass: -0.5 kg (P=0.20) Body fat percent: -0.5% (P=0.14) Hodgson JM, Lee YP, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Ackland TR, Beilin LJ, Belski R, Mori TA. Effects of increasing dietary protein and fibre intake with lupin on body weight and composition and blood lipids in overweight men and women. Int J Obes 2010; 34:1086-94

4. Effects of regular consumption body composition and CVD risk factors: an ad libitum diet in overweight individuals Blood pressure Systolic blood pressure (mmhg) 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 P < 0.05 Control Lupin Pulse pressure (mmhg) 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 P < 0.001 At a population level these effects would translate to a 10% lower risk of hypertension and stroke 100 24 h 42 24h SBP: -3.0 mm Hg PP: -3.5 mm Hg Lee YP, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Ackland TR, Beilin LJ, Hodgson JM. The effects of lupin kernel flour-enriched bread on blood pressure: a controlled intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 766-82

5. Effects of regular consumption on weight loss and CVD risk factors in overweight individuals A 12 month randomised controlled parallel-designed trial Overweight (BMI >27 kg/m 2 ), but otherwise healthy volunteers 131 participants (68 men, 63 women) Lupin Group (n=68) Weight loss stage Weight stabilisation stage Weight maintenance stage Control Group (n=63) Baseline 3 Months 4 Months 12 Months

5. Effects of regular consumption on weight loss and CVD risk factors in overweight individuals Body weight 98 96 94 X X-Control O-Lupin Body weight 92 90 88 86 84 82 O X O X O X O X O O X OX O X O X O X O X O X OX 80 78 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month Blood pressure SBP: -1.3 mm Hg; DBP: -1.0 mm Hg Belski R, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Woodman RJ, Ackland TR, Beilin LJ, Dove ER, Carlyon NB, Jayaseena V, Hodgson JM. Effects of lupin-enriched foods on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a 12 month randomised controlled weight loss trial. Int J Obes 2010; 35:810-9

5. Effects of regular consumption on weight loss and CVD risk factors in overweight individuals Insulin sensitivity Belski R, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Sipsas S, Woodman RJ, Ackland TR, Beilin LJ, Dove ER, Carlyon NB, Jayaseena V, Hodgson JM. Effects of lupin-enriched foods on body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a 12 month randomised controlled weight loss trial. Int J Obes 2010; 35:810-9

Conclusions Grain legumes (pulses) provide a important contribution to sustainable agriculture Pulse consumption is likely to contribute significantly to human health Lupin flour is a novel food ingredient which can be incorporated into high carbohydrate foods to increase protein and fibre content Studies indicate benefits of lupin-enriched foods on appetite, blood pressure, glycemic control and insulin sensitivity

Future directions Additional work is needed to: (1) establish these benefits (2) generate a wide variety of commercially viable food choices Similar approaches could be used to increase the intake of other pulses (chickpea / lentils / beans)

Acknowledgements Supported by WA Government & Department of Agriculture and Food, WA Dr Ya Ping Lee and Regina Belski (PhD students) Dr Trevor Mori, Prof Ian Puddey, Prof Lawrie Beilin, Dr Anne Barden, Prof Kevin Croft, Dr Emma Dove, Dr Gerard Chew (Research team in School of Medicine & Pharmacology, UWA) Nichole Carlyon, Anne Kennedy and Noelene Atkins (Research Nurses) Hayley Erickson, Clare Jurczyk (Research dietitians) Prof Xingbin Yang (Shaanxi Normal University, China) Prof Tim Ackland (Human Movement, UWA) Sofie Sipsas, Mark Sweetingham (Department of Agriculture and Food, WA) Prof Vijay Jayasena, Nasar Abbas (Curtin University) A/Prof Richard Woodman (Flinders University) Bodhi s Bakery Fremantle Dr Ewald Swinny (Chemistry Centre, Western Australia) Other researchers in Centre for Food and Genomic Medicine Volunteers who participated in the trials