47 Lesson 4.1: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. articular cartilage 2. bone marrow 3. cortical bone 4. diaphysis 5. epiphyseal plate 6. epiphysis 7. Haversian canals 8. Haversian system 9. hematopoiesis 10. lacunae 11. medullary cavity 12. ossification 13. osteoblasts 14. osteoclasts 15. osteocytes 16. osteon 17. perforating (Volkmann s) canals 18. periosteum 19. remodeling 20. trabecular bone A. specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue B. the shaft of a long bone C. the process of blood cell formation D. specialized bone cells that resorb bone tissue E. fibrous connective tissue membrane that surrounds and protects the shaft of long bones F. includes a single Haversian canal along with its multiple canaliculi, which branch out to join with lacunae, forming a comprehensive transportation matrix for supply of nutrients and removal of waste products G. dense, white, connective tissue covering the articulating surfaces of bones at joints H. interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb structure I. mature bone cells J. dense, solid bone that covers the outer surface of all bones and is the primary form of bone tissue in the long bones K. tiny cavities laid out in concentric circles around the Haversian canals L. process of bone formation M. growth plate near the ends of long bones where osteoblast activity increases bone length N. the bulbous end of a long bone O. process through which adult bone can change in density, strength, and sometimes shape P. material with a rich blood supply found within the marrow cavity of long bones Q. a Haversian system R. large canals that connect the Haversian canals; oriented across bones and perpendicular to Haversian canals S. major passageways running in the direction of the length of long bones, providing paths for blood vessels T. central hollow in the long bones
48 1. What are the five main functions of the skeletal system? 2. What is stored in the bones? 3. Besides color, what is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow? 4. Bone is composed of which substances? 5. What causes children s bones to have greater flexibility than those of adults? 6. What is the difference between cortical bone tissue and trabecular bone tissue? 7. Bone shapes are described generally in four categories. Name them and give an example of each. 8. What are the functions of the periosteum? 9. How is bone like a subway system? 10. Describe ossification. Lesson 4.1: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 11. What happens to epiphyseal plates at the end of a person s growth period? 12. What causes the increase of bone brittleness as people age? 13. Why is the loss of bone mass and bone mineral density more problematic for women than men? 14. How do activities such as running and jumping build stronger bones? 15. Approximately what percentage of human body weight consists of bones? 16. Why are elite swimmers at risk of developing bone atrophy? 17. What is the difference between hypertrophy and atrophy? 18. How are concerns related to the skeletal system preventing a manned space mission to Mars?
49 Lesson 4.1: Anatomical Structure of a Long Bone Directions: Label the figure with the letter of the appropriate callouts from the list provided. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10. 6. 7. 8. 9. A. epiphysis B. articular cartilage C. cortical bone D. blood vessel E. trabecular bone F. periosteum G. yellow bone marrow (in medullary cavity) H. red marrow cavities I. diaphysis J. medullary canal K. endosteum
50 Lesson 4.2: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Use the terms listed below to fill in the sentence blanks. atlas cranium mandible sutures axial skeleton facial bones maxillary bones thoracic cage axis fontanel sacrum thoracic region cervical region intervertebral discs skull vertebra coccyx lumbar region sternum 1. are fibrocartilaginous cushions between vertebral bodies that allow bending of the spine and help to create the normal spinal curves. 2. A(n) is one of the bones making up the spinal column. 3. The is the central, stable portion of the skeletal system, consisting of the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage. 4. The lower back region of the spine composed of five vertebrae is the. 5. are joints in which irregularly grooved, articulating bone sheets join closely and are tightly connected by fibrous tissues. 6. The part of the skeleton composed of all of the bones of the head is known as the. 7. The consists of the 12 vertebrae in the middle of the back. 8. The first seven vertebrae, the comprise the neck. 9. Fused, flat bones surrounding the back of the head make up the. 10. are two fused bones that form the upper jaw, house the upper teeth, and connect to all other bones of the face, with the exception of the mandible. 11. Specialized with an upward projection called the odontoid process, on which the atlas rotates, the is the second cervical vertebra. 12. Composed of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae, the is a bony structure surrounding the heart and lungs in the thoracic cavity. 13. Openings in the infant skull through which the baby s pulse can be felt, enable compression of the skull during birth and brain growth during late pregnancy and early infancy. 14. The first cervical vertebra, the is specialized to provide the connection between the occipital bone of the skull and the spinal column. 15. The jaw bone is called the. 16. Another name for the breastbone is the. 17. The four fused vertebrae at the base of the spine forming the tailbone are the. 18. Consisting of five fused vertebrae, the forms the posterior of the pelvic girdle. 19. are the bones of the face.
51 1. How many bones are there in the skull? How are these bones further subdivided into two groups? 2. What is the function of the axial skeleton? 3. How is the mandible different from other bones in the skull? 4. How do the skulls of babies differ from those of adults? 5. Identify the eight cranial bones and their locations? 6. How many sets of paired cranial bones are there? 7. How many vertebrae are there in a human spine? 8. The cervical region of the spine contains two specialized vertebrae. What are these two vertebrae called and how are they different from other vertebrae? 9. Name four of the structural features most vertebrae share. 10. Why are the thoracic and sacral curves known as primary spinal curves and the lumbar and cervical curves as secondary spinal curves? 11. What are the three most common abnormal spinal curvatures named and what characterizes each curvature? 12. Why do elderly people shrink in later stages of life? 13. What are the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae collectively called? 14. Where is the xiphoid process found? Lesson 4.2: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 15. Identify and describe each of the three types of ribs.
52 Lesson 4.2: Bones of the Skull Directions: Label the figure with the appropriate callouts from the list provided. 1. 2. 8. 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 7. frontal bone mastoid process parietal bone vomer lacrimal bone maxillary bone sphenoid bone zygomatic bone mandible nasal bone temporal bone
53 Lesson 4.2: Vertebrae Identification Directions: Identify the location and view of the vertebrae below. Fill in the blanks with the identifying terms from the list below. Terms can be used more than once. 1. vertebrae, view 4. vertebrae, view 2. vertebrae, view 5. vertebrae, view 3. vertebrae, view 6. vertebrae, view lumbar thoracic cervical superior lateral
54 Lesson 4.3: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. appendicular skeleton 2. carpal bones 3. clavicle 4. femur 5. fibula 6. humerus 7. lower extremity 8. metacarpals 9. metatarsals 10. patella 11. pelvis 12. phalanges 13. radius 14. scapula 15. shoulder complex 16. shoulder girdle 17. tarsals 18. tibia 19. ulna 20. upper extremity A. larger bone of the lower arm B. major bone of the upper arm C. kneecap D. wrist bones E. bones that surround the shoulder, including the clavicle and scapula F. the hand s five interior bones, connecting the carpals in the wrist to the phalanges in the fingers G. bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands H. smaller of the forearm s two bones; rotates around the ulna I. the bone of the lower leg that does not bear weight J. the body s bones in the appendages; the arms and legs K. bones of the hips, legs, and feet L. all joints surrounding the shoulder, including the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints M. major weight-bearing bone of the lower leg N. bones of the pelvic girdle and the coccyx at the base of the spine O. thigh bone P. small bones of the ankle Q. shoulder blade R. doubly curved long bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle; the collarbone S. ankle bones T. bones of the finger
55 Lesson 4.3: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 1. How does the appendicular skeleton differ from the axial skeleton? 2. What are the names of the bones of the shoulder girdle, their locations, and their functions? 3. What is the sternoclavicular joint? What kind of motion is it responsible for? 4. What is the scapulothoracic joint? 5. What is the downside to the large amounts of mobility found in the shoulder complex? 6. Identify the bones and joints of the arm and describe their motions. 7. What is the common term for the bony projection at the upper end of the ulna, called the olecranon? 8. What is the main function of the carpal bones? 9. What skeletal bone capability is shared only by humans and other primates, and what characterizes this bone? 10. Identify the four bones that comprise the pelvis and explain the function of the pelvic girdle. 11. Which bone supports a person s upper body weight while sitting? 12. How do the male and female pelvises differ, and why? 13. Name the bones and joints of the leg. 14. Which bone, found in the leg, has no special motion capability and serves primarily as a site for muscle attachments? 15. Which is the longest and strongest bone in the body? 16. How are the tibia and fibula like the radius and ulna in the forearm? 17. What purpose do the toes serve? 18. What do the three arches of the foot do? Name them.
56 Lesson 4.4: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Use the terms listed below to fill in the sentence blanks. amphiarthrosis articular fibrocartilage ball-and-socket joint bursae condyloid joint diarthrosis gliding joint hinge joint ligament pivot joint saddle joint symphysis synarthrosis synchondrosis syndesmosis synovial joint tendon tendon sheath 1. A joint type that permits only slight motions is called a(n). 2. Synovial fluid is secreted by to promote free motion of the tendons during joint movement. 3. Also called a meniscus, the is tissue shaped like a disc or partial disc that provides cushioning at a joint. 4. Permitting extremely limited movement, a(n) is a joint at which dense, fibrous tissue binds the bones together. 5. are bands composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connect bones to other bones. 6. Allowing only hinge like movements in forward and backward directions, this type of diarthrosis is called a(n). 7. A(n) is a type of amphiarthrosis joint in which the articulating bones are held together by a thin hyaline cartilage layer. 8. A type of diarthrosis, the has articulating bone surfaces that are both shaped like the seat of a riding saddle. 9. A(n) is a type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface. 10. The is a synovial joint formed between one bone end shaped roughly like a ball and the receiving bone reciprocally shaped like a socket. 11. A fibrous joint that can absorb shock, a(n) permits little or no movement of the articulating bones. 12. A diarthrodial joint is also called a(n). 13. The type of amphiarthrosis joint in which a thin plate of hyaline cartilage separates a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones is called a(n). 14. The are small capsules lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid. 15. The type of diarthrosis that allows only sliding motion of the articulating bones is a(n). 16. are tissue bands composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connect a muscle to a bone. 17. The is a type of diarthrosis that permits rotation around only one axis. 18. Freely movable joints are known as.
57 1. What are some criteria used to classify joints? 2. Which criterion for classifying joints is the easiest to remember, and thus most used? 3. What are the three main categories of joints? 4. What is the function of immovable joints, or synarthroses? 5. Slightly movable joints, or amphiarthroses, can be further classified into two groups. What are these two groups and how are they structurally different? 6. Which category of joint is better at absorbing shock: synarthroses or amphiarthroses? 7. What is an example of a slightly movable joint? 8. Describe the general structure of the freely moveable joints, or diarthroses. 9. Identify the six types of diarthroses found in the body. Explain the motion(s) associated with each of these joints. 10. The radius and ulna meet to form which type of diarthroses? 11. The joints between carpal bones are known as what? 12. Together, the metacarpal bone and carpal bone form which type of diathroses? 13. What are bursae? Describe their function. Lesson 4.4: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 14. Tendons and ligaments are connecting tissues in the body. What do tendons connect? What do ligaments connect? 15. What are tendons and ligaments composed of? 16. What is the function of articular fibrocartilage?
58 Lesson 4.4: Identifying Movable Joints Directions: Label the figure with the letter of the appropriate callout from the list provided. 1. 2. 3. Ulna 12. 11. 4. 5. 10. Ulna Metacarpal bone 9. 6. Head of humerus 7. 8. Carpal bone A. ball-and-socket joint D. gliding joint G. humerus J. phalanx B. pivot joint E. hinge joint H. metacarpal bones K. carpal bones C. condylar joint F. saddle joint I. scapula L. radius
59 Lesson 4.5: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. amenorrhea 2. anorexia nervosa 3. apophysis 4. arthritis 5. bulimia nervosa 6. bursitis 7. dislocation 8. female athlete triad 9. fracture 10. osteoarthritis 11. osteopenia 12. osteoporosis 13. rheumatoid arthritis 14. sprain 15. stress fracture A. condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so abnormally low that regular, daily activities can result in painful fractures B. family of more than 100 common pathologies associated with aging; characterized by joint inflammation accompanied by pain, stiffness, and sometimes swelling C. condition characterized by body weight 15% or more below the minimal normal weight range, extreme fear of gaining weight, an unrealistic body image, and amenorrhea D. injuries caused by abnormal motion of the articulating bones that result in overstretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, or other connective tissues crossing a joint E. a combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis F. disordered eating that involves a minimum of two eating binges a week for at least three months; an associated feeling of lack of control; use of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, strict dieting, or exercise to prevent weight gain; and an obsession with body image G. absence of a menstrual period in women of reproductive age H. autoimmune disorder in which the body s own immune system attacks healthy joint tissues I. degenerative disease of articular cartilage, characterized by pain, swelling, range-of-motion restriction, and stiffness J. inflammation of one or more bursae K. a tiny, painful crack in bone that results from overuse L. any break or disruption of continuity in a bone M. injury involving displacement of a bone from its joint socket N. area at which a tendon attaches to bone O. reduced bone mass without the presence of a fracture
60 1. What are some factors that influence the severity of a fracture? 2. Describe the difference between simple and compound fractures. 3. How are avulsions different from other types of fractures? 4. What is a greenstick fracture? In which age group are these fractures most common, and why? 5. What causes stress fractures? 6. What are epiphyseal injuries? 7. Why do children need to take care to prevent injury to the epiphyseal plate? 8. What is osteochondrosis? Why is this injury found in younger people? 9. What is the precursor condition to osteoporosis called? 10. What is the most common osteoporosis-related injury and what effect does this injury have on the body? 11. List some strategies for preventing or delaying the onset of osteoporosis. 12. What is the female athlete triad? 13. Why do lateral ankle sprains occur frequently? 14. What is the difference between a sprain and a dislocation? 15. What is bursitis? Describe its symptoms. Lesson 4.5: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 16. What causes rheumatoid arthritis? What are the symptoms of this disorder?
61 Chapter 4: The Human Skeleton Directions: Label the figure with the appropriate callouts from the list provided. Note that phalanges should be used twice. 7. 8. 1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 31. 3. 4. 5. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 6. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. A. Anterior view 30. B. Posterior view carpal bones clavicle coccyx costal cartilages femur fibula frontal bone hip bone humerus mandible maxillary bone metacarpal bones metatarsals occipatal bone parietal bone patella pectoral girdle pelvis phalanges phalanges radius ribs sacrum scapula skull sternum tarsals thoracic cage tibia ulna vertebral column
62 Chapter 4: Skeletal System Statistics Directions: Identify the proper number or percentage associated with each of the skeletal system items listed below. Write the answer in the blanks provided. 1. approximate number of individual bones in the human skeleton 2. percentage of body weight contributed to bones 3. bones of the skull 4. cranial bones 5. facial bones 6. bones in spinal column 7. vertebrae in cervical region 8. vertebrae in thoracic region 9. vertebrae in lumbar region 10. fused vertebrae in sacrum 11. fused vertebrae in coccyx 12. ribs in the thoracic cage 13. true ribs 14. false ribs 15. floating ribs 16. approximate number of bones in the appendicular skeleton 17. total bones in one wrist and hand 18. carpal bones in a wrist 19. metacarpal bones in a hand 20. number of bones in the phalanges of one hand 21. phalanges in a big toe 22. metatarsals in one foot 23. main joint categories 24. types of diarthroses (freely movable joints)
63 Chapter 4 Lab Investigation: Know Your Bones Purpose In this activity you will identify bones on your skeleton. You will also identify which bones are part of the axial skeleton and which are part of the appendicular skeleton. Materials your textbook, your body Procedure For each bone you identify below, make sure you know whether the bone is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton. 1. Find and feel the phalanges of your hand. A. How many phalanges do you count on each finger (clue: feel for joints)? B. How many phalanges do you count on each thumb? 2. Feel all the way across the back of your hand to find your metacarpals. How many metacarpals do you count? 3. Feel your carpals. A. Can you count individual bones? B. What type of joint is found in the carpals? 4. Find your radius and ulna. Can you feel each? A. Which bone, the radius or the ulna, is on the thumb side of the forearm? B. Which bone is on the little finger side of the forearm? 5. Feel the distal end of your forearm, then supinate (turn palm up) and pronate (turn palm down) your forearm. A. Which bone moves? B. Which bone is stationary? 6. Follow your ulna to your elbow. A. What type of joint is the elbow? B. What is the name of the process at the proximal end of the ulna? 7. Feel for the medial epicondyle at the distal end of your humerus. Flex and extend your forearm. Does the medial epicondyle move? 8. Find your clavicle. A. Which bone is your clavicle medially articulated with? B. Which bone is your clavicle laterally articulated with? 9. Follow your clavicle to the shoulder joint, then follow it back to the sternum. Can you feel a notch where the two clavicles articulate with the sternum? 10. Feel your ribs. A. How many different rib bones can you count? B. Can you find your floating ribs? C. Can you locate your xiphoid process?
64 11. Feel your knee. A. What type of joint is the knee? B. Can you feel the patella? C. What bones articulate to form the knee? 12. Feel your lower leg. A. Can you feel the tibia? B. Can you feel the fibula? 13. Feel your foot. A. Can you locate your calcaneus? B. Can you feel your tarsals? Which ones? C. How many metatarsals can you feel? D. How many pha langes are in your big toe? E. How many phalanges are in each remaining toe? 14. Feel your cranium. A. Where is the occipital bone located? B. How many parietal bones can you feel? C. Where is the frontal bone located? D. Where are the temporal bones located? 15. Feel your face. A. Can you feel your zygomatic bones? B. What is another name for the eye sockets? C. How many nasal bones do you have? D. Can you feel your palatine bones with your tongue? E. Where are your maxillary bones located? F. Is your mandible movable? Conclusions Place each bone listed in the proper column below: phalanges, tibia, sacrum, humerus, rib bones, patella, radius, temporal bones, calcaneus, frontal bone, metacarpals, cranium, occipital bones, ulna, zygomatic bone, tarsals, xiphoid process, clavicle Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Axial Skeleton
65 Chapter 4 Practice Test Completion: Carefully read the following statements. Write the term that completes the statement in the spaces provided. 1. A(n) is a specialized bone cell that builds new bone tissue. 2. The loss of bone mineral density and strength is known as bone. 3. The breastbone is also known as the. 4. are injuries that result in overstretching or tearing of ligaments or tendons. 5. A(n) fracture occurs when one or both bone ends protrude from the skin. True/False: Indicate whether each statement below is true or false by circling either T or F. T F 6. Bones stop changing in size, shape, and strength upon adult maturity. T F 7. The vertebrae of the human spine are all the same size and shape. T F 8. The appendicular skeleton is built for motion. T F 9. The structure of bones articulation determines the directions of motion permitted. T F 10. A sprain is a less severe form of fracture. Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer. 11. In terms of bone shapes, the spinal column is an example of a(n) shape. A. flat C. long B. irregular D. short 12. How many total vertebrae are there? A. 28 B. 33 13. What are the most freely movable joints in the body? A. ball-and-socket joints B. pivot joints 14. Tendons connect to bones. A. muscles B. ligaments C. 29 D. 31 C. gliding joints D. hinge joints C. interosseous membrane D. bursae 15. Which category of common injuries and disorders of the skeletal system does bursitis belong to? A. osteoporosis C. common bone injuries B. common joint injuries D. arthritis
66 Matching: Match each key term to its definition by writing the letter of the definition in the spaces provided. 16. stress fracture 17. osteoblasts 18. tibia 19. thoracic region 20. lower extremity 21. diarthroses 22. osteoporosis 23. vertebrae 24. hematopoiesis 25. ligaments A. condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so low that regular, daily activities can result in painful fractures B. bones of the hips, legs, and feet C. bands composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connect bones to other bones D. major weight-bearing bone of the lower leg E. the 12 vertebrae in the middle of the back F. specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue G. the bones making up the spinal column H. freely movable joints I. tiny, painful crack in bone that results from overuse J. process of blood cell formation Art Labeling: Locate each of the following items on the drawing by placing the corresponding letter on the blanks provided. 26. humerus 27. tarsals 28. skull A. B. 29. thoracic cage 30. femur 31. clavicle 32. vertebral column 33. fibula 34. phalanges 35. sacrum J. I. H. G. C. D. F. E. Short Answer: Answer the following questions using what you have learned in this chapter. 36. What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton? 37. What is special about the first cervical vertebra, called the atlas, and the second cervical vertebra, called the axis?