Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Mrs. Hummer Chapter 7 Skeletal System 1
Chapter 7 Skeletal System Bone Classification Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Sesamoid (Round) Bones 2
Parts of a Long Bone epiphysis distal proximal diaphysis shaft compact bone spongy bone-consits of branching plates called trabeculae medullary cavity marrow red yellow articular cartilage covers epiphysis 3
Compact and Spongy Bone 4
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone osteon central canal perforating canal -connects central canal osteocyte lacuna -spaces 5
Bone Development Intramembranous Ossification bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues broad, flat bones skull bones (except mandible) intramembranous bones Endochondral Ossification bones begin as hyaline cartilage form models for future bones most bones of the skeleton endochondral bones 6
Endochondral Ossification hyaline cartilage model 7
Notebook Understanding Words 1. The expanded articular part of a long bone is called the. 2. The shaft of a long bone is known as its. 3. How is the shape of a bone related to its function? 4. Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in, which are arranged in concentric circles around or canals. 5. Why do patients who suffer from sickle cell disease have bone pain? 6. What bones are endochondral bones? 8
Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate First layer of cells closest to the end of epiphysis resting cells Second layer of cells undergoing mitosis Third layer of cells cells enlarging and becoming calcified Fourth layer of cells dead cells calcified 9
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue Bone Resorption (absorb bone) action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone Bone Deposition (rebuild bone) action of osteoblasts and calcitonin 10
Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair Deficiency of Vitamin A retards bone development Deficiency of Vitamin C results in fragile bones Deficiency of Vitamin D rickets, osteomalacia Insufficient Growth Hormone dwarfism Excessive Growth Hormone gigantism, acromegaly Insufficient Thyroid Hormone delays bone growth Sex Hormones promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates Physical Stress stimulates bone growth 11
Bone Function Support, Movement & Protection gives shape to head, etc. supports body s weight protects lungs, etc. bones and muscles interact when limbs or body parts move Blood Cell Formation hematopoiesis -begins in yolk sac red marrow-formation of red cells Yellow marrow- stores fat Inorganic Salt Storage calcium phosphate magnesium sodium potassium 12
Clinical Application Types of Fractures green stick fissured comminuted transverse oblique spiral 13
Life-Span Changes decrease in height at about age 30 calcium levels fall bones become brittle osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts spongy bone weakens before compact bone bone loss rapid in menopausal women hip fractures common vertebral compression fractures common 14
Notebook 1. What factors influence the rate at which a fracture heals? 2. What bones function primarily to provide support? 3. What bones function primarily to protect viscera? 4. Where are blood cells formed in the embryo? In the infant? In the adult? 5. What is the difference between red and yellow marrow? 6. What physiological processes depend on calcium ions in the blood? 7. Excessive loss of bone volume and mineral content associated with aging is. 15
Notebook Critical Thinking: #3, 4, 6, 7, 8 Chapter Review: # 3, 6, 11, 12, 14, 18 16
Skeletal Organization Axial Skeleton-orange head neck trunk Appendicular Skeleton -green upper limbs lower limbs pectoral girdle pelvic girdle Most people have 206 bones 17
Cranium Frontal (1)-orange forehead roof of nasal cavity roofs of orbits frontal sinuses 18
Cranium Parietal (2)-blue side walls of cranium roof of cranium sagittal suture 19
Cranium Occipital (1) -periwinkle back of skull base of cranium 20
Cranium Temporal (2)-red side walls of cranium floor of cranium floors and sides of orbits mastoid process styloid process zygomatic process 21
Cranium Sphenoid (1)-purple base of cranium sides of skull floors and sides of orbits 22
Facial Skeleton Maxilla (2)-yellow upper jaw anterior roof of mouth floors of orbits sides of nasal cavity floors of nasal cavity 23
Facial Skeleton Zygomatic (2) prominences of cheeks lateral walls of orbits floors of orbits temporal process 24
Facial Skeleton Nasal (2)-teal bridge of nose 25
Facial Skeleton Mandible (1) lower jaw 26
Infantile Skull Fontanels fibrous membranes 27
Vertebral Column cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12) lumbar vertebrae (5) sacrum coccyx 28
Vertebral Column cervical curvature thoracic curvature lumbar curvature sacral curvature rib facets intervertebral discs 29
Lumbar Vertebrae 30
Sacrum five fused vertebrae posterior wall of pelvic cavity 31
Coccyx tailbone four fused vertebrae 32
Thoracic Cage Ribs Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Protects viscera Role in breathing 33
Ribs Most people have 24 True ribs (7) False ribs (5) floating (2) 34
Pectoral Girdle shoulder girdle clavicles scapulae supports upper limbs 35
Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges 36
Wrist and Hand Carpals (16) trapezium trapezoid capitate scaphoid pisiform triquetrum hamate lunate Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx 37
Pelvic Girdle Coxae (2) supports trunk of body protects viscera 38
Coxae hip bones ilium ischium pubis 39
Male and Female Pelves Female iliac bones more flared broader hips pubic arch angle greater lighter bones 40
Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges 41
Femur longest bone of body 42
Patella kneecap anterior surface of knee 43
Tibia shin bone 44
Fibula lateral to tibia long, slender does not bear any body weight 45
Ankle and Foot Tarsals (14) calcaneus talus navicular cuboid lateral cuneiform intermediate cuneiform medial cuneiform Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) proximal middle distal 46
Ankle and Foot 47