Body Systems Rewind #2 Nervous System Regulates the body with impulses that are both electrical and chemical Gathers information from various stimuli and generates appropriate response Brain and Spinal Cord are the major organs and are made of interneurons Spinal cord controls reflexes and relays impulses between brain and the body Sensory neuron carry impulses to brain and spinal cord Motor neuron carry impulses to muscles or glands Inter neuron links motor and sensory neurons, and it transmits impulses between them Neurotransmitters: chemical messages released from one nerve cells and goes over the synapse to the receptors the other nerve cell Parts of a Neuron CIRCLE the two neurons that are carrying an impulse to the muscle cell (5). DRAW an ARROW to indicate the direction that the impulse is traveling On one of the neurons label: AXON, DENDRITE, SYNAPSE Give TWO specific examples of how the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis A reflex arc is show below. The respiratory systems depends on the nervous system for signals to Excretory System Remove wastes produced by the cells of the body Wastes include: urea, salt, carbon dioxide, and heat Lungs excrete CO 2 and water vapor Skin excretes water and salt as sweat Liver makes urea, filters toxins and dead red blood cells from blood (Urinary) Kidneys filter nitrogen based waste out of blood and then excrete water, urea, and other substances as urine Nephron filtering unit of the kidney Ureter join kidney to bladder Bladder collects/store urine prior to excretion Urethra connects bladder to outside environment for excretion of urine Give TWO specific examples of how the excretory system helps maintain homeostasis Structure X represents A. an effector B. motor neuron C. interneuron D. synapse Parts of the Urinary System Label the following: kidney, ureter, urethra, bladder The diagram below illustrates some structures of the skin. A. enhance the amount of available oxygen in the lungs B. coordinate muscles controlling breathing C. release enzymes to increase the exchange of gases D. exchange gases with the circulatory system. Common Mistake! The kidneys make urea The liver changes ammonia to urea. Urea (nitrogen based waste from the digestion of proteins) is then transported by the blood to the kidneys. The kidneys filter wastes from blood to make urine. A signal that the bladder is full is sent to the central nervous system by A substance that blocks structure A would most directly interfere with A. cell respiration B. storage of urea C. gas exchange D. temperature regulation A. feedback loops B. sensory neurons C. nephron tubules D. receptor proteins
Endocrine System Some Endocrine Glands Receptor Molecules Uses hormones to regulate the body Hormones are chemical messages (usually a protein) secreted by a gland Hormones are carried from glands to the target tissue by circulatory system Hormones are slower than nerve impulses, but have longer lasting effects Hormone levels are controlled by feedback loops Feedback loops (mechanisms) in humans are controlled by the endocrine and the nervous systems. Locate the glands in the diagram above and identify their primary function pituitary adrenal Receptor molecules on the cell membrane receive hormones. It is the shape of the receptor molecule that determines which hormone it can receive. This is a good example of Lock and Key Theory. Feedback Loops pancreas thyroid Feedback loops are based on the communication of two or more hormones or other signals within an organism. Negative Feedback Loop: when one hormone or signal goes up, the other hormone or signal goes down Positive Feedback Loop: when one hormone or signal goes up, the other hormone or signal goes up and vice versa The figure to the left shows the steps involved in the feedback regulation of blood glucose levels. Using the space below, fill in the missing steps. 3. Give TWO specific examples of how the endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis Some people with spinal cord injuries do not sweat below the area of injury. Without the ability to sweat, the human body temperature begins to rise. Which statement would best describe the situation? A. Feedback mechanisms regulate blood sugar levels B. Gene mutations are increased C. Energy from ATP is not available D. Dynamic equilibrium has been disrupted If the chemical messages above are destroyed, the target cells will A. produce their own chemical message B. not respond with appropriate actions C. develop different receptors D. no longer be produced in the organism
Body Systems Rewind Continued Circulatory Transport materials through the body to the organs, tissues and cells that need them Transported materials include: Nutrients and water from intestines to all cells of the body Oxygen from lungs to all cells Carbon dioxide from all cells to the lungs Hormones from glands to target cells Waste from all cells to excretory organs Materials will enter/leave blood through diffusion Heart pump that drives circulatory system. Veins blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all cells Capillaries microscopic blood vessels where diffusion occurs Blood tissue that contains various cells for transport and defense Blood Red blood cells (A) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Hemoglobin protein in red blood cell that carries O2 White blood cells(c) defend against disease Plasma fluid of the blood, transports all blood cells, nutrients and hormones Platelets (B) clot the blood by making a protein called fibrin (makes a scab) Heart Color the structures of the heart carrying oxygenated blood RED Color the structures of the heart carrying deoxygenated blood BLUE Give TWO specific examples of how the circulatory system helps maintain homeostasis Respiratory Facilitate gas exchange Breathing (inhale and exhale) provides oxygen needed for cell respiration Breathing will also excrete waste from carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of cell respiration Give TWO specific examples of how the respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis Lungs organs responsible for breathing (air in, air out) Alveoli microscopic sacs inside the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood Trachea (aka windpipe) tube connecting mouth/nasal passage to the lungs (used for breathing) Diaphragm muscle that allows breathing to occur Practice Question An increase in breathing rate can be triggered by an increase in the A. Carbon dioxide content of the blood B. Oxygen content of the atmosphere C. Number of platelets in the blood D. Number of red blood cells Which part of the blood is correctly paired with its function? A. Red blood cell- fight infection B. Plasma- transport waste and hormones C. Platelets- produce antibodies D. White blood cells- carry oxygen Use the heart diagram above to answer the following question: Which structures normally carry oxygenated blood? A. A, B, H, and I B. A, C, E, and F C. B, D, G, and H D. B, C, G, and F Alveoli Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries which pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide Gas Exchange What is structure A? In what system is structure A found? 3. What is structure B? 4. In what system is structure B found? 5. What process occurs at both site A and B?
Immune (Lymphatic) The job of the immune system is to protect the body against pathogens Pathogens are organisms that cause disease Pathogens include viruses, bacteria and parasites White blood Cells main component of the immune system. (Police) Antibodies proteins made by white blood cells to attack pathogens (Security Alarm) Antigens protein tags on all cells that identify the structure (ID badge) Skin primary barrier to external invaders, first line of defense Immune Response There are many types of white blood cells, each with their own role Help identify and tag pathogens for destruction by other WBC Destroy pathogen by eating it Destroy pathogen by using chemicals Make antibodies Antibodies are specific in its actions It can attack one and only one type of pathogen As with all proteins, shape matters! Shape of antibody must fit target cell antigens (lock and key) Antigens are used as identification Any pathogen with the wrong antigen will be seen as foreign by your immune system, attacked and destroyed This is why it is important to match blood types before receiving blood or organ transplants Helping out the immune system Vaccine: injection of dead/weakened pathogens Trigger the body to make antibodies for the pathogen Effective against both viruses and bacteria Can only PREVENT disease by providing immunity, not CURE it Antibiotics: dugs used to stop bacterial infections ONLY Will not work on viruses Will CURE disease, unlike vaccines Integumentary (skin) Protection Reduce water loss During a process called sensitization, a person s immune system mistakenly identifies inhaled tree pollen as an invader. The next time the person is exposed to the pollen, the immune system launches an allergic reaction. The immune system of an individual who is allergic to tree pollen produces A. Antibodies that mark tree pollen for destruction B. Viruses that combat tree pollen C. White blood cells that attack human skin cells D. White blood cells that attack the skin cells of cats and dogs Epidermis- outer most layer of skin, dead cells Dermis- beneath epidermis, living cells Sweat gland- produces sweat to help cool body Hair follicle hair provides UV protection Erector muscle- makes hair follicle stand up when cold or afraid Which transplant method would prevent the rejection of tissue after an organ transplant? A. Using organs cloned from cells of the patient B. Using organs produced by genetically engineering to get rid of all proteins in the donated organ C. Using organs only from pigs or monkeys D. Using an organ donated by a close relative because the proteins will always be identical to those of the recipient Practice Question 3 Which statement best describes what will most likely happen when an individual receives a vaccination containing a weakened pathogen? A. The ability to fight disease will increase due to antibodies received from the pathogen B. The ability to fight disease caused by the pathogen will increase due to antibody production C. The ability to produce antibodies will decrease after vaccination D. The ability to resist most types of disease will increase Give TWO specific examples of how the system helps maintain homeostasis Practice Question When a person does strenuous exercise, small blood vessel near the surface of the skin increase in diameter. This change allows the body to be cooled. These statements best illustrate A. synthesis B. excretion C. homeostasis D. locomotion
Body Systems Rewind Continued Muscular and Skeletal Muscles Movement Skeletal Protect vital organs Structure/support The humerus, the bone in the upper arm of a human, is directly connected to other bones in the arm by A. Cartilage B. Tendons C. Extensors D. Ligaments Muscles Smooth- involuntary muscle, contracts on its own (pupil of eye, digestive tract), most common type of contraction is a squeezing contraction. Cardiac- involuntary, found only in the heart, high concentration of mitochondria Skeletal- under voluntary control, attached to skeleton and used for movement Practice Question 3 An individual running a marathon may experience periods of oxygen deprivation that can lead to A. Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, forming lactic acid B. Aerobic respiration in muscle cells, generating glycogen C. Anaerobic respiration in liver cells, producing glucose D. Aerobic respiration in liver cells, synthesizing alcohol Skeletal Bones Connective tissue- used for attachment Tendon- muscle to bone Ligament- bone to bone Cartilage- flexible connective tissue Joints- where two or more bones meet Ball and socketshoulders and hip Hinge- elbow, knee Pivot- lower arm, between radius & ulna Gliding- wrist or ankle Fixed- skull Practice Question 4 If a motor neuron involved in a reflex arc is damaged, which event in that arc is least likely to occur? A. Contraction of a muscle B. Stimulation of an interneuron C. Reception of a stronger stimulus by the brain D. Secretion of a neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron Which of the following correctly describes an interaction that occurs between two body systems of a rabbit that helps the rabbit outrun a coyote? A. The skeletal system releases additional calcium and the circulatory system retains more sodium to provide the muscles with ions for contractions B. The digestive system increases the rate of digestion and the excretory system ceases to provide tissues with nutrients C. The respiratory system increases the breathing rate and the circulatory system increases blood pressure to provide tissues with more oxygen D. The endocrine system releases hormones to prepare the immune system for injuries Give TWO specific examples of how these systems help maintain homeostasis Digestive Break down food so that it is small enough to enter the body tissues and cells Mechanical digestion (chewing) Chemical digestion (enzymes) Once digested, nutrients and water are absorbed through the body in the small and large intestines Food is moved through the system by smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis) Undigested food is eliminated as solid waste (feces) Mouth- site of both chemical and mechanical digestion Esophagus- connects mouth to stomach Stomach- site of both chemical and mechanical digestion Small intestines- chemical digestion and adsorption of nutrients via villi (increase surface area) Large intestines- absorbs water, stores feces prior to elimination Pancreas- produces digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, and lipase) in addition to insulin Gall bladder- stores bile Liver- makes bile Give TWO specific examples of how the digestive system helps maintain homeostasis In the diagram above, which structure are glucose and amino acids normally absorbed into the circulatory system? Label the Digestive System Identify the type of muscle contraction used to move food through the digestive system.
Reproductive Asexual (mitosis) Advantages: one parent, quickly produce large numbers of offspring Disadvantages: no genetic variation (clones) Type of cell: End product: Sexual (meiosis) Advantages: two parents increase genetic variation Disadvantages: need to find a mate, happens more slowly Type of cell: End product: Parent cell chromosome number Daughter cell chromosome number Parent cell chromosome number Daughter cell chromosome number Male Reproductive System Testes produce and store sperm Sperm are haploid Made by meiosis Produced throughout a male s life Smaller than egg, swim with flagella Testosterone is the male sex hormone, made in the testes Semen is fluid that carries sperm, it contains sugar to give sperm energy Fertilization A- Testes B- Vas Deferens C- Bladder D- Urethra Female Reproductive System Eggs are haploid cells made in the ovaries by meiosis Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have Eggs are not fully developed until ovulation Menstrual cycle is ~28 days Ovulation- release of egg Menstruation- shedding of uterine wall if fertilization does not occur A- Fallopian Tube (oviduct) B- Ovary C- Cervix D- Uterus Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube Implantation occurs in the uterus Structures in a human female are represented in the diagram below. Identify the processes above A: B: D: Define differentiation: A heavy dose of radiation would have the greatest impact on genetic information in future offspring if it reached the gametes developing within structure (circle the structure in the diagram) What is the significance of anaphase in the process above? A. Anaphase ensures each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell B. Anaphase ensures each daughter cell has twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell C. In anaphase the cell splits in half D. In anaphase DNA is replicated Which developmental process is represented in the diagram below? A. Fertilization B. Evolutoin C. Differentiation D. Mutation The diagram to the right represents human reproductive structures. Which statement best describes part of the reproductive process? A. Eggs are produced in A, sperm in D B. Sperm is produced in A, eggs in D C. Implantation occurs in D D. Sperm is produced in structure C