Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)
Organic compound features 1. made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in length 2. can be branched or unbranched 3. can have double bonds which vary in location 4. or may be arranged in rings.
Some organic molecules Methanol (methyl alcohol) Wood spirits, wood alcohol Toxic - causes blindness, death, paralysis Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) Spirits, drinking alcohol Produced by fermentation of sugars Isopropyl alcohol Rubbing alcohol; is oxidized by the liver into acetone.
Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions
alcohols acids bases
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is HCO2H. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in ant venom. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.
What do you need to know? 1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. 2. Know the 4 main groups of organic compounds. 3. Identify organic compounds based on their functional group.
MACROMOLECULES important to life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids What about the carbon molecule makes it an ideal molecule for life forms?
1. CARBOHYDRATES -monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose -disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose -polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides
Polysaccharides store energy: starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
Polysaccharides are also structural molecules cellulose - makes up cell walls (plants) chitin - makes up exoskeletons
Pentoses - 5 carbon sugars, arranged in a ring DNA!
What you need to know about carbohydrates 1. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. (Give examples of each) 2. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as energy storage molecules. 3. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as structural molecules. 4. Identify biological molecules that contain pentoses 5. Discuss why carbon readily forms bonds to make long chains.
2. Lipids Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* Fats & Oils are made of subunits glycerol and fatty acids Waxes mainly used for covering and protection Watch what happens when a soap hits the hydrophobic milk.
Phospholipids Important structural component of the cell membrane
Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) made of 4 fused rings
Cholesterol- a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes- maintains both membrane structural integrity and fluidity. Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need a cell wall and thus be able to (b) change shape and (c) move about (unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their cell walls).
Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that kink the molecule, liquid at room temperature
What you need to know about lipids 1. Compare saturated to unsaturated fats. 2. List the functions of lipids 3. Identify a steroid from a picture (4 rings) 4. Idenfity the main component of the cell membrane.
3. Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Also used for: Support Enzymes Transport Defense Hormones Motion
Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality There are 20 known amino acids
Proteins have four shapes Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Nucleic Acids Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid) Each nucleotide consists of: 1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 2. A phosphate 3. A nitrogen base - adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine - uracil (in RNA)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule, bonds broken to release energy
MATCHING a. carbohydrate c. protein 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. b. lipids d. nucleic acids contains adenine and thymine lactose chains of amino acids long term energy storage cholesterol chains of fatty acids and glycerol plant cell walls