29a Reunião Anual do CBNA The importance of feed, feed intake and management in relation to the use of antibiotics Ben Oelbrandt, De Heus, Holland
Introduction : International product manager piglets Ben Oelbrandt Veterinarian Since 1996 premix, additives and piglet feed Nuscience (10), Nutreco (7), De Heus (Feb. 2013) Function : Development and alignment of piglet portfolios around de world Sharing the knowledge of working without antibiotics (even when AB can be used)
Agenda 1. Use of antibiotics in the Netherlands and challenges to coop with 2. Importance of feed intake before and after weaning 3. Strategy to assure a healthy growth after weaning 4. Final Conclusions Agenda
The use of antibiotics in the Netherlands :
Reduction of antibiotics : challenges Streptococcal infections Intestinal problems Complicating factors : GI tract is not fully developed at weaning Piglets are immunologically immature
Atividade enzymática (unidade: peso vivo) Gastro-intestinal tract is not fully developed : 11 days after weaning Pluske, presented at DPP (2015) 21 days after birth Idade em semanas Feuchter, F. R. (2003)
Immunologically immature : Muirhead et al (2013)
Reduction of antibiotics : challenges Streptococcal infections Intestinal problems Complicating factors : GI tract is not fully developed at weaning Piglets are immunologically immature Feed intake is irregular
Too low or too high feed intake? Both are a problem!! Atrofy of the intestinal villi Reduced enzymatic activity Decreased absorption of nutrients Increased intestinal permeability Feed is not completely digested Fermentation of starch and protein in colon Formation of biogenic amines Diarrhea
How do we meet the challenges? Focus: prevention!! Reduction of stress
Reduction of stress before weaning : Stress factor Diarrhea Norm Maximum 5 % of the litters Hoofdstuk
Consumo (gr/leitão) Management in farrowing pen : Prevention of diarrhea 450 8 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 388 2 174 7 leitões sadios Consumo de ração leitões com diarréia Danos na mucosa 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Integrity of intestines is reduced : Villus height : - 64% Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-143 Feed intake : - 45%
Reduction of stress before weaning : Stress factor Diarrhea Inflamed joints Coughing Cold / laying behaviour Vaccinations Norm Maximum 5 % of the litters < 3% of the piglets Absent Next to each other > 5 days after birth, < 5 d before weaning Hoofdstuk
Reduction of stress after weaning stressfactor Diarrhea < 2d after weaning 3-5 d after weaning >5 d after weaning Inflamed joints Coughing Laying behaviour Norm absent History out of farrowing pens,contaminated water Feeding management Weaning feed not adapted to intake of the piglets May not increase Absent Next to each other Hoofdstuk
How do we meet the challenges? Focus: prevention!! Reduction of stress Sanitary management all-in/all-out, vaccinations Working with guidelines to optimise the quality of all piglets
Guidelines to improve quality of all piglets : Checklist 24hs Weight + 80 à 100 gr 7 days 1,8-2x initial body weight 21 days 5,5 6 kg 28 days 7,5 8 kg Growth min. 220 g/day
The importance of colostrum intake Devillers (2004) Special attention to small piglets!!
Guidelines to improve quality of all piglets : Checklist 24hs Weight + 80 à 100 gr 7 days 1,8-2x initial body weight 21 days 5,5 6 kg 28 days 7,5 8 kg Growth min. 220 g/day
How do we meet the challenges? Focus: prevention!! Reduction of stress Sanitary management all-in, all-out, vacinations Working with guidelines to optimise the quality of all piglets Focus on intake before and after weaning
Hoofdstuk PERFORMANCE = INTAKE x FEED COMPOSITION
Hoofdstuk INTESTINAL HEALTH = INTAKE x FEED COMPOSITION
FEED INTAKE BEFORE WEANING Weaning 21 days Weaning 28 days Days Minimum Optimum Days Minimum Optimum Farrowing House 5-21 150 300 5-28 300 500 FEED INTAKE AFTER WEANING Weaning 21 days Weaning 28 days Days Minimum Optimum Days Minimum Optimum First days 4 400 500 3 400 500 First week 7 1100 1750 7 1250 1750 WATER INTAKE 8 10 % of body weight daily intake, from weaning until 25 kg
Hoofdstuk Intake before weaning : Why is intake before weaning so important?
5 reasons to feed piglets under the sow : 1. Survival day 2-7 liquid, milk-like products Energy, lactose 2. Extra growth day 5- weaning Focus in intake Energy and protein 3. Learn to digest day 14 - weaning Soya, cereals, 4. Learn to eat day 10 weaning Trough, nipple,. Structure of feed after weaning 5. Learn to drink day 10- weaning Enzyme productie Age in weeks Hoofdstuk
neofobia alimentar (% leitões) Relation between intake before and after weaning 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 primeiro consumo após desmame (horas) Bruininx et. al (2001)
Feed intake after weaning: individual feed intake of group housed piglets : Average feed intake (g/p) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Day post weaning 10299 10308 10339 10343 10411 10415 10443 10458 10481 10510 10525 10537 Average
Importance of feed intake after weaning : Feed consumption vs performance 600 500 y = 0.6 9 5 4 x + 2 2 8.9 3 R 2 = 0.3 6 2 1 A D G day 0-34, g/d 400 300 200 100 The performance the first week after weaning is responsible for 40% of the results in nursery!! 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 A D F I d a y 0-8, g /d Bruinix, (2002)
Hoofdstuk Intake before weaning : How can we reach the right intake?
The transition from milk to solid feed is a process which can be stimulated/supported Management Characteristics of the ratio
Weaning proces B. Puppe and A. Tuchscherer (2000)
Test Farm : Experimental farm : 100 farrowing pens to run tests Intake : composition, feeding strategies, Management : feeders, placement of the feeders,
Consumo (gr/leitão) Management in the farrowing house : Milk of milk-lik products from day 2 till day 10 after birth : 600 control controle milk leite 550 500 450 400 350 300 433 486 419 502 Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-144 & TJ-P-146 Feed intake : + 12-20% weaning weight : 0.5 kg
DM intake Management in farrowing house : Supply of milk or milk-like by products : 3-12 days after birth milk creep feed performance, control vs milk replacer Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-144 & TJ-P-146
Management in farrowing house : 1 rectangular vs 1 round feeder rectangular round Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-133 Feed intake : + 32-84%
Consumo (gr/leitão) Management in farrowing house : Placement of the feeder 475 450 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 460 366 frente atrás Feed intake : + 26% Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-133
g/piglet Management in farrowing house : Water supply Extra water supply next to creep feed 42% higher feed intake 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 349 246 Source: Enckevort, 2001
Consumo (gr/leitão) Management in farrowing pen : Prevention of diarrhea 450 8 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 388 2 174 7 leitões sadios leitões com diarréia 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Consumo de ração Danos na mucosa Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-143
Characteritics of the feed : Palatability (Roura, 2006), Solà-Oriol et al. (vários artigos) - A piglet has a preference for sweet-acid - Pigs : 19.904 taste buttons (humans: 6.974) Influencing factors of palatability of the feed : Raw materials Freshness and quality of raw materials Inclusion rate of raw materials (%) Processing
Raw materials : cereals Preference (%) relative to barley 160 Inclusion (52%) 150 140 130 33% 44% 48% farelo de trigo milho extrusado farelo de arroz 120 110 9% 11% farelo de trigo cevada extrusada 100 90-1% aveia extrusada Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-150 & TJ-P-151
Raw materials : oils and fats Preference (%) relative to refined oil Inclusion rate (7%) 100 azeite de dendê 95-2% -5% -3% -4% gordura animal óleo de soja ref + óleo de coco 90 85 80-8% -12% -17% óleo de coco óleo de amêndoa de palma gordura de porco Nobacithina (lecitina min. 50%) óleo de soja bruto 75-23% óleo de girassol 70-26% Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-149, TJ-P-152 & TJ-P-153
Charateristics of the feed : intake/piglet 460 440 420 Inclusion of plasma (3%) Difference in farrowing house: +17% 400 380 360 340 320 Stimulate 2 Stimulate 2 IGP Source : De Heus TJ-P-131
consumo (gr/leitão) Processing : Pellet vs meal : Fonte: De Heus TJ-P-133
Hoofdstuk Intake after weaning : Attention points
FEED INTAKE AFTER WEANING Weaning 21 days Weaning 28 days Days Minimum Optimum Days Minimum Optimum First days 4 400 500 3 400 500 First week 7 1100 1750 7 1250 1750 WATER INTAKE 8 10 % of body weight daily intake, from weaning until 25 kg IMPORTANT : WITHOUT DIARRHEA and WITHOUT MEDICINES!!
Intake too low : 1) Feeding management Number of feeding places Choice of feeder Hoofdstuk
Intake too low : 1) Feeding management 2) Processing : meal vs pellet Hoofdstuk
consumo (gr/leitão) Processing Pellet vs meal +23% Source : De Heus TJ-P-133
Intake too low : 1) Feeding management 2) Processing : meal vs pellet 3) Choice of feed Hoofdstuk
Charateristics of the feed : b a Inclusion of plasma (3%) Difference in farrowing house: +6% Intake after weaning :(2 days): +28% Source : De Heus TJ-P-131
Intake too low : 1) Feeding management 2) Processing : meal vs pellet 3) Choice of feed 4) Extra water supply : 2x/day 150 ml of water in a trough (300 ml/piglet/day) Hoofdstuk
Intake too high : 1) Feed adaptations - Barley - Acids 2) Feeding management - Feed restriction Hoofdstuk
Final conclusions : If we want to use less antibiotics : Feed, feeding management and management in general become more important Stress factors have to be reduced as much as possible Measurement and stearing the feed intake before and after weaning are very important tools to improve the results of our piglets and to reduce the use of antibiotics.
Obrigado por sua atenção