Challenges & Opportunities with Feed Ingredients to Maintain Gut Microbiome

Transcription

1 Challenges & Opportunities with Feed Ingredients to Maintain Gut Microbiome Martin Clunies, Ph.D., Bruce Schumann, M.Sc. and Natalie Litvak, M.Sc. Monogastric Nutrition Group

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3 Health Canada CFIA Initiatives for the Feed Industry In late , Health Canada will be moving all Medically Important antimicrobials (Category I, II and III) to the prescription drug list (i.e. will require a veterinary prescription). Includes all routes of administration (In-feed, In-water & Injectable) Category I - None Category II Growth 24 Veterinary Oversight - 52 Category III Growth 37 Veterinary Oversight - 91 Category IV are low importance and will continue to be able to be used without a veterinary prescription

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5 CFIA Modernization of Feed Regulations Current Table IV guidelines Min 100 ppm & Max 500 ppm zinc November 2016 Proposal for Maximum Nutrient Values for Swine 1000 ppm 150 ppm Zinc-resistance gene czrc identified in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis (Slifierz et al., 2014) High dietary zinc supplementation increases the occurrence of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes in the intestine of weaned pigs (Vahjen et al., 2015)

6 Modernization of the Feed Regulations

7 Veterinary Biologics Reduce compliance burden Support innovation Ensure feeds are safe Contribute to production and maintenance of healthy livestock Safe foods of animal origin Do not pose a significant risk to the environment

8 Veterinary Biologics Develop a list of Veterinary Health Products (VHP s), e.g. probiotics, direct fed microbials Work with Health Canada to differentiate products as drugs or feeds Compendium of Non-Feed Products Authorized for Use in Livestock Feeds

9 Future Changes to the Feed Regulations Discussions between the CFIA Animal Feed Division & Canadian Center for Veterinary Biologics to open up ingredients for registration that have a physiological benefit (gut modulation, increased immune function, prevents E-coli, etc.) Current fall under a Drug classification Easier approval process for the use of alternatives to antimicrobials: Prebiotics and Probiotics Enzymes Herbal Extracts Acidifiers

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11 10 Years Experience With More Than 2.4 Million Hogs Marketed Metrics Natures Blend Medicated 1 Pigs BA/litter #Wean/Sow/Year Nursery Livability, % Nursery ADG, kg/d Nursery Feed/gain Finisher Livability, % Finishing ADG, kg/d Finishing Feed/gain Medication Program included, all nursery feeds medicated, Paylean in the finisher last 21+ days.

12 Focusing on Gut Health as a Strategy to Replace Antimicrobial Agents Concerns of bacteria developing resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. Precautionary measures to eliminate the agricultural use of certain classes of drugs important in human medicine. The scientific basis for such decisions is the subject of heated debates.

13 Our US Neighbours Are Leading the Charge Toward Producing Livestock Without the Use In-Feed Antibiotics. The trial that got their attention was a large multi-discipline collaborative study in which they fed a combination of Chlortetracycline, Sulfamethazine and Penicillin for a period of 14 days. Using genetic markers, they found that untreated pigs had a diverse population of bacteria, some of which had genes for antibiotic resistance. In most cases, these bacteria had single marker genes for antibiotic resistance. After only 14 day of feeding the medicated feed, there was a huge shift in the bacterial populations, a fold increase in the population of E coli. A larger proportion of the bacterial population now had genes indicating resistance to antibiotics. More bacteria seemed to acquire multiple antibiotic resistant genes. Bacteria even acquired resistance genes for antibiotics not fed in this trial. Results like these have set us on a path of what is commonly referred to as the post-antibiotic age of animal agriculture.

14 The Function of the Digestive System and Gut Microbiome. Optimizing gastro-intestinal health and function is essential for sustained animal production systems. The digestion of ingested feeds and absorption of nutrients is essential to the animals survival, growth and development. The digestive system contains approximately 70% of the animals immune cells and plays a crucial role in the early development of a healthy animal. The digestive system is home to a widely diverse population of bacteria in which there are over 1000 species within the gut environment. Referred to as the gut microbiome these bacteria are crucial to the overall health of the animal as they provide signals to the animal of its environment.

15 Intestinal villi, are the Powerhouse of the Digestive Tract The intestinal villi are the workhorse of the gut. A collection of many specialized cells. Protecting the function and health of the villi is the ultimate objective of good nutrition.

16 Healthy Villi Damaged Villi

17 Potential Feed Additives for Reducing Anti-Microbial Use in Pork Production The Most Promising Technologies include: Acidifiers Probiotics Herbal Extracts Enzymes Omega-3 Fatty acids

18 The Use of Acidifiers in Swine Production Systems In young pigs to increase stomach acidity Reduce pathogenic bacteria in the gut

19 Effect of Acidification of Swine Diets, Organic Acid Effect. 1. Reducing the ph has a bacteriostatic effect i.e. reduces further growth of bacteria. 2. The presence of undissociated organic acids at a low ph has a bactericidal effect i.e. killing susceptible bacteria.

20 ph Ranges For Optimum Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria Organism Minimum ph Optimum ph Maximum Clostridium perfringens ph Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella sp. Staphylococcus sp Banmart, 1981.

21 Effect of Dietary Fumaric Acid, Malic Acid & Citric Acid on the Level of Coliforms in the Intestinal Tract of Starter Pigs Citric Acid (%) Fumaric Acid (%) Malic Acid (%) Coliforms (x 10 /gm fresh weight) Caecum Colon Rectum Scipioni, R. et al., (1978)

22 The Use of Probiotics in Swine Production Systems To seed the gut with beneficial bacteria Control pathogenic bacteria Stimulate immune system Optimize feed intake

23 Effect of Probiotics in Swine Reduces the amount of pathogen bacteria in the gut such as, E.coli, Salmonella sp. Reduce post-weaning scours. Improve feed intake and daily gain of pigs. The probiotics allow better transition between different feeds. Each time you switch feeds, change formulations the microbial population and the villi adapt.

24 The Function of the Digestive System and Gut Microbiome. The presence of lactic acid producing bacteria are linked to the health of the gut microbiome. Lactic acid bacteria attach themselves to the wall of the digestive tract. Provide critical roles in communicating with the immune system of the animal.

25 Effect of Feeding a Bacillus sp. on Bacterial Pathogens in the Pig s Gut. Item Bacillus + Control - Enterobacter sp Clostridia sp. ND 2.3 (3/12) Bifidobacter.sp. 7.9 (5/12) ND (0/12) Marubashi et al., Enterobacteria include species of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, and Yersinia

26 Effect of Probiotic on Piglet Performance. Control Probiotic # of Piglets 1,438 1,399 Initial Wt, kg Average days Mortality, % ADGn, kg

27 The Use of Herbal Extracts in Swine Production Systems Natural substitutes for antibiotics Improved enzyme function Natural palatants

28 What Do Herbal Extracts Do? Better feed utilisation. Increased performance. Through Improving appetite and activating enzymes Fighting a wide range of pathogenic micro-organisms

29 Effect of Herbal Extract on Nursery Pig Performance ADG Feed/Gain gm/day gm/day Control + Radford, et al. Control 0.50 kg/ T Herbal Extract 1.00 kg/ T 1.25 kg/ T 1.6 Control + Control 0.50 kg/ T Herbal Extract 1.00 kg/ T 1.25 kg/ T

30 Effect of Herbal Extract on Nursery Pig Fecal Parameters 60 % Diarrhea Fecal score % % Control + Control 0.50 kg/t 1.00 kg/t 1.25 kg/t Herbal Extract Radford, et al Control + Control 0.50 kg/ T 1.00 kg/ T Herbal Extract 1.25 kg/ T

31 Confirmation of the Effect of Herbal Extract on Lactobacillus in Piglet Variation in number of colony forming units (CFU), expressed in Log10 CFU/g of fresh material (jeujunum), in piglet in age of 40 days, in a post weaning experiment of 18 days ,27a 6.5 6,34b 6.02 Log10 CFU/g Trial # 1589 Lactobacillus E. Coli 1 0 Negative control HERB EXTRACT 200 g/t Source: Manzanilla et al. Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain 2000

32 The Use of Enzymes in Swine Production Systems Supplement to endogenous enzyme secretion Improved nutrient utilization Improved gut health

33 Effect of Galactosidase/Invertase Cocktail on % Improved Nutrient Utilization Source of Galactosidase and invertase. Targets Soybean meal oligosaccharides. Increases ME and dig of CP of Soybean meal % Utilization improvement ME Dig CP FCR

34 Effect of Enzyme on Nursery Pig Performance Control Enzyme Initial wt, kg Final wt, kg ADGn, kg/d Feed:gain Feed costs,$/kg

35 The Use of Vegetable Oils in Swine Production Systems Supplement high energy to young piglets Omega-3 FAs improve health status Omega-3 increased nutrient use Improved Biosecurity

36 The Effect of Omega-3 FA on Protein Deposition of Piglets Measurement 10:1 O-6:O-3 FA 5:1 O-6:O-3 FA Protein deposition, g/d Protein deposition, g/kg gain Eastwood and Beaulieu, 2014

37 Effect of Omega-3 Level on Performance of Market Hogs Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Start wt ADGn ADFInt Fd/Gain Carc.Index All diets contained; Corn 740 kg, SBl 200 kg Bionic Hog Px 40 kg and 20 kg Bionic Oil to Market Ridgetown Agriculture College 1995.

38 Natures Blend Feeds & Premixes Combines proven feed technologies Manipulates the gut microbiome Improves nutrient utilization

39 Natures Blend Starters & Premixes

40 Producing Pork & Poultry Without Anti-microbial Agents The production of pork without the use of antimicrobial agents has been a challenge in most intense production systems. These use of single technology approaches have met with very limited success. Multi-factorial strategies have been much more successful in most swine & poultry operations. Natures Blend Program has been successfully producing pork, chicken and turkey products for the better part of 10 years, with results comparable to more traditional programs.

41 The Strategy of the Natures Blend Feed Program is a Healthy Gut Produces a Healthy Pig or Chicken.