1 2 3 4 5 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Societal Does the behavior conform to existing social norms? Individual Personal sense of well-being Happy, satisfied, peaceful Mental-health professional Personality Personal discomfort Life functioning A. Historical Views of Psychological Disorders Supernatural view dominated early societies Mental hospitals used to be like prisons B. Theories of the Nature, Causes, and Treatment of Psychological Disorders The Biological Model Physiological or biochemical basis The Psychoanalytic Model Result of unconscious conflicts The Cognitive-Behavioral Model Result of learning maladaptive behaviors and belief The Diathesis-Stress Model & Systems Theory Diathesis-Stress - predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress Systems Theory - Biopsychosocial Model Risk factors combine to produce disorder C. Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) Used for insurance purposes Focuses on significant behavioral patterns Lists symptoms Criticism 1
6 7 8 9 10 Lists symptoms Criticism Disorders classified as diseases Many of the symptoms have nothing to do with mental illness D. The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders 32% of Americans suffer from one or more serious mental disorders during their lifetime At any given time more than 15% of the population is experiencing a mental disorder Mood Disorders A. Depression overwhelmed with feelings of sadness, worthlessness Difference between clinical depression and normal depression Major depressive disorder intense sadness lasting as long as several months Dysthymia less intense sadness that persists for 2 years or more B. Mania Euphoria and extreme activity Bipolar disorder - alternating depression and mania C. Causes of Mood Disorders Biological factors Twin studies Genetic and neurotransmitter problems Psychological factors Cognitive distortions Negative self-image Feelings of unworthiness Social factors Troubled-close relationships Women more relationship-oriented than men Depressed people evoke anxiety and hostility in others 2
11 12 13 14 15 Women more relationship-oriented than men Depressed people evoke anxiety and hostility in others Vicious cycle Anxiety Disorders A. Specific phobias - intense fear of specific situations or objects Social phobias - excessive fear of social situations Agoraphobic - intense fear of crowds and public places B. Panic disorder Intense terror without cause Characterized by recurrent panic attacks C. Other Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder unfocused but intense fears Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - disturbing thoughtsrituals D. Causes of Anxiety Disorders Conditioning (e.g. dog bite) Not in control (e.g. high crime areas) Autonomic response influenced by genetics Displacement (e.g. fear of spouse) Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders A. Psychosomatic Disorder Real illness with psychological causes such as stress or anxiety B. Somatoform (Conversion) Disorders Physical symptoms without physical cause C. Causes of Somatoform Disorders Freud- Traumatic experience in past Cognitive behavioral - Examine ways the behavior is being rewarded May be real physical illnesses that are misdiagnosed Dissociative Disorders A. Dissociative Amnesia Block out a period of life that was extremely stressful Dissociative fugue - flight and assumption of new identity B. Dissociative Identity Disorder 3
16 17 18 19 B. Dissociative Identity Disorder Commonly called Multiple Personality Disorder C. Depersonalization Disorder Person suddenly feels strangely changed or different D. Causes of Dissociative Disorders Unconscious processes May also include biological factors Sexual Disorders A. Sexual Dysfunction Erectile disorder - inability to achieve or maintain an erection B. Paraphilias Fetishism non-human object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement Pedophilia recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child C. Gender-Identity Disorders Involve desire to become a member of the other sex Personality Disorders Personality Disorders inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving that are so exaggerated and rigid that they cause serious distress to themselves or problems to others A. Schizoid - inability to form social relationships B. Paranoid - very suspicious of others C. Dependent - inability to make decisions or act independently D. Avoidant - social anxiety leading to isolation E. Narcissistic - grandiose sense of self-importance F. Borderline - instability in self-image, mood, relationships G. Antisocial - showing no sense of remorse H. Causes of Personality Disorders Biological, psychological, and social Schizophrenic Disorders A. Hallucinations Sensory experiences without stimulation B. Delusions 4
20 21 22 23 24 25 B. Delusions False beliefs C. Types of Schizophrenic Disorders Disorganized schizophrenia Bizarre behavior Incoherent Catatonic schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Undifferentiated schizophrenia D. Causes of Schizophrenia Biological predisposition may be inherited May be excessive dopamine May involve family relationships and social class Childhood Disorders A. Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Psychostimulants Increases focus B. Autistic Disorder Fail to form attachments Strange motor behavior Often appear to have mental retardation Gender and Cultural Differences in Psychological Disorders A. Gender Differences Overall, more women are in treatment Gender differences are mostly found only in the nonbiological disorders Men express more disorders associated with aggression Women express more disorders associated with being fearful or hopeless B. Cultural Differences Many disorders occur only in particular cultural groups Prevalence of some disorders among males / females / children differs markedly by culture Personality Disorders Paranoid Personality 5
26 27 Paranoid Personality Schizoid Personality Borderline Personality Antisocial Personality Paranoid Personality Disorder: Suspicious self-destructive but not psychotic; difficult to get along with; always questioning, always examining every single detail. Schizoid Personality Disorder: Not psychotic; high degree of aloofness, distance and secretiveness; not lonely but loners. Borderline Personality Disorder: Instability in one s self-image, mood, and social relationships and lack of clear identity. Antisocial Personality Disorder: Chronic pattern of selfcentered, manipulative, and destructive behavior toward others; lack of remorse; zero chance of recovery. One-fourth are women. 6