PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Human Body: An Orientation 1 PART A
The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function
I Can Objective 1. I can distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy Levels of Study Gross anatomy (also known as macro) Large structures Easily observable Figure 14.1
Anatomy Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c d
I Can Objective 2. I can distinguish between the different levels of study in anatomy.
Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 1
Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 2
Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1, step 3
Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Figure 1.1, step 4
Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Figure 1.1, step 5
Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Figure 1.1, step 6
Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical a. Atomic b. Molecular 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism
I Can Objective 3. I can list the levels of structural organization from least to most complex and from most to least complex.
Organ System Overview A. Integumentary System 1. Anatomy - skin 2. Physiology - forms the external body covering - protects deeper tissue from injury - synthesizes Vitamin D - location of cutaneous nerve receptors & sweat/oil glands Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview B. Skeletal System 1. Anatomy - bones, cartilage & joints 2. Physiology - protects & supports organs - provides a frame the muscles use to attach to & move - produces blood cells - hematopoiesis - stores minerals - calcium Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview C. Muscular System 1. Anatomy - skeletal muscles 2. Physiology - allows movement - maintains posture - produces heat Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview D. Nervous System 1. Anatomy - brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors 2. Physiology - fast-acting control system - responds to internal & external changes by activating muscles & glands Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview E. Endocrine System 1. Anatomy - glands located throughout the body (pituitary, & thyroid) 2. Physiology - slow-acting control system - secretes hormones to regulate body processes Figure 1.2e
Organ System Overview F. Cardiovascular System 1. Anatomy - heart & blood vessels 2. Physiology - transports materials via blood pumped by the heart Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview G. Lymphatic 1. Anatomy - lymph fluid, lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels 2. Physiology - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & return it to blood - involved in immunity Figure 1.2g
Organ System Overview H. Respiratory System 1. Anatomy - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, & lungs 2. Physiology - keeps blood supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
Organ System Overview I. Digestive System 1. Anatomy - oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, & intestines 2. Physiology - breaks down & absorbs nutrients - removes indigestible wastes as feces Figure 1.2i
Organ System Overview J. Urinary System 1. Anatomy - kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra 2. Physiology - eliminates nitrogenous waste as urine - regulates water, electrolyte & acid-base balance in the blood Figure 1.2j
Organ System Overview K. Reproductive System 1. Anatomy a. female uterine tube, uterus, ovaries & vagina b. male prostate gland, vas deferens, testes & penis 2. Physiology - production of offspring - production of sex cells sperm & eggs
Organ System Overview Figure 1.2k l
I Can Objective 4. I can describe the general structures and functions of the 11 human body systems.
Did You Get It? (DYGI?) Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy? At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule? Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?
Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and absorption of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions Metabolism chemical reactions within the body Produces energy (ATP) Makes body structures Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells
I Can Objectives 5. I can describe the 8 necessary life functions.
Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs Water 60 80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Pressure Atmospheric (exerted on surface of body by weight of air) Must be appropriate Hydrostatic (force applied by fluids)
I Can Objective 6. I can describe the 5 survival needs.
Characteristics of Life Activity Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Digestion Survival Needs Water Nutrients Oxygen Heat/Body Temp Pressure Metabolism Excretion
Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1.3
DYGI? In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive? Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important?
Homeostasis Homeostasis maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center
Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1.4
Variable (in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 1a
Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 1b
Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 2
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 3
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 4
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1.4, step 5
I Can Objective 7. I can describe homeostasis and its importance in maintaining a healthy body.
Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
I Can Objective 8. I can distinguish between and describe the two homeostatic feedback mechanisms.
DYGI? When we say that the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body are unchanging? Explain your answer. When we begin to become dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the thirst sensation part of negative or a positive feed back control system? Defend your choice.
Homeostasis Links http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/ homeostasis/ http://www.lionden.com/homeostasis.htm
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