Broiler Nutrition in Spain April 2016
Technical performance 550 10 6 broilers per year Age Live weight, kg FCR Mortality, % Average 45.6 2.76 1.96 5.8 Range 42 49 2.51 2.97 1.88 2.05 4.3 7.1 2
Feeding strategies Three and four phases feeding programmes Age, days Starter Grower Finisher Withdrawal 4 phases 0 7 to 16 8 to 17 21 to 28 22 to 29 30 to 42 > 31 to 43 AME, kcal/kg 3000 3100 3150 3200 3 phases 0 18 to 23 19 to 24 37 to 42 > 38 to 43 AME, kcal/kg 3000 3125 3200 3
Feed form Starter: crumbles Grower and finisher: pellets 3 3.5 mmø Pelleting temperatures 75 95 ºC 4
Feeds Feed ingredients Ingredient National Imported Inclusion, % Cost¹, /t Corn 15 177.0 Wheat (60) 185.0 Barley 10 175.0 Sorghum 40 n. a. Full fat soybean 20 474.0 Soybean meal 47% 390.0 Rapeseed meal 5 244.0 Sunflower meal 5 237.0 Pork lard 5 695.0 Soybean oil 5 725.0 Fish meal 5 920.0 ¹ October, 2014 5
Feeds Nutrients Nutrient Starter Grower Withdrawal AME, kcal/kg 2900 2950 3000 CP, g/kg 203 197 180 dlys, g/kg 10.5 9.7 8.7 dmet, g/kg 4.5 4.1 3.4 dmet+cys, g/kg 7.3 7.0 6.6 dthr, g/kg 6.3 6.1 5.7 dtrp, g/kg 2.0 1.9 1.7 Ca, g/kg 9.5-10.3 8.2-9.7 7.8-8.5 avp, g/kg 4.7 4.1 3.8 Na, g/kg 1.4-1.8 1.4-1.8 1.4-1.8 Plus darg, dile, dval, dgly + Ser 6
Feeds Nutrients Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher Withdrawal AME, kcal/kg 2975 3100 3180 3240 CP, g/kg 221 200 180 170 dlys, g/kg 11.4 10.6 9.7 8.6 dmet, g/kg 4.9 4.6 4.3 3.8 dmet+cys, g/kg 7.9 7.6 7.2 6.8 dthr, g/kg 7.3 6.8 6.2 5.6 dtrp, g/kg 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 Ca, g/kg 8.6-10.2 8.2-9.8 7.8-8.5 8.0-9.6 avp, g/kg 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.7 Na, g/kg 1.4-1.8 1.4-1.8 1.4-1.8 1.4-1.8 7
Vitamin supply (units/kg feed) Starter Grower Finisher Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Vitamin A, MIU¹ 10.1 6.7-13 8.7 5.2-11.6 3.4 0-5.8 Vitamin D3, MIU¹ 2.7 1.5-4 2.2 1.2-3.6 0.9 0-2.1 Vitamin E, mg 27.9 7.5-50 23.2 6-45 17.5 3.6-50 Menadione, mg 2.5 0.8-4 2.6 0.5-5 2.8 0.3-10 Thiamine, mg 1.6 0-3 1.5 0-3 0.5 0-1.1 Riboflavin, mg 6.5 5.4-8 5.3 3.9-8 2.3 0-4 Vitamin B6, mg 3.4 1.8-5 2.6 1-5 0.6 0-1.5 Vitamin B12, µg 16.6 12-30 15 9-30 5.9 0-12.5 Niacin, mg 46.4 25-86 34 20-66 12.9 0-30 Pantothenic acid, mg 13.1 8-19 11 6.4-15 5.6 0-10 Folic acid, mg 1.1 0.5-1.5 0.9 0.4-1.5 0.3 0-1 Biotin, mg 0.13 0-0.3 0.09 0-0.2 0.02 0-0.1 Choline, mg 352 200-540 285 200-420 212 100-420 ¹ EU Regulations Villamide and Fraga, 1999 8
Trace elements supply (mg/kg feed) Trace element Starter Grower Finisher Limits Copper¹ 5-15 5-10 2-7 25 Iodine 1-4 1-4 1-3 10 Iron 15-30 15-30 15-30 750 Manganese 70-100 70-100 60-90 150 Molybdenum - - - 2.5 Selenium 0.15-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.05-0.2 0.5 Zinc¹ 50-120 50-120 50-100 150 ¹ Discussion about inclusion levels 9
Trace elements Increasing use of chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn) More opportunities in the near future (2 4 years) Effect of chelated minerals on the performance of broiler chickens challenged with MAS and heat stress (Nutreco PRC, 2002) Treatment BW, 42 d ADFI FCR Mortality, % Control 1900.2 79.6 1.80 6.12 Chelated Zn¹ 1938.5 82.1 1.82 3.67 Chelated Mn¹ 1904.4 79.8 1.80 3.55 Chelated Zn+Mn¹ 1903.2 80.1 1.81 1.92 P > F 0.77 0.24 0.80 0.43 ¹ Optimin Zn and Mn 10
Other additives Crystalline amino acids (lys, met, thr, trp, val, arg) Enzymes (solid and liquid): Xylanases Phytases Other: proteases, glucanases, amylases Betaine Heat stress (35 ºC) and betaine in broilers Betaine, g/kg feed 0.0 1.0 2.0 Weight, day 40, g 2093 b 2116 ab 2158 a FCR 1.66 a 1.67 a 1.62 b Breast meat, % 17.4 b 18.2 a 18.3 a Nutreco PRC (2007) 11
Anticoccidials Widely used in broiler production, subject to rotations Chemical + ionophore Ionophore + chemical Only chemical Only ionophore Residual antibiotic effects (ionophores) Associated to a distribution responsible (no generics) Discussion about being considered feed additives Vaccines available, but not widely used (20%) No limits to feeding programmes No residues in thinned birds NE control under discussion 12
Anticoccidials Product Dose, mg/kg Withdrawal, days Na-monensin 120 125 1 Decoquinate 20 40 3 Robenidin HCl 30 36 5 Na-lasalocid 75 125 5 Narasin 60 70 0 Na-salinomycin 60 70 1 NH4-maduramycin 5 3 Diclazuril 1 0 Narasin+Nicarbacin 80 100 0 Na-senduramycin 20 25 5 Limit, year 2017 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2021 2020 2020 2016 13
Antibiotic growth promoters Banned since January 2006 Impaired performance (Santomá, 2006) Growth rate: 0 10% FCR: 0-5% Lower uniformity Increased production costs: 0 0.05 /kg LW Increased incidence of digestive disorders (NE) Increased use of therapeutic antibiotics 14
Organic acids Preservative additives Strength Intestinal ph reduction Bacteriostatic effect in the gut Known since long ago and widely tested Weakness May reduce feed intake in healthy birds Product handling (corrosive, irritant, ) Premix stability High inclusion rates Price 15
Organic acids % improvement compared to a negative control in broilers (0 42 days) 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0-0,5-1 Average +1,7% LWG Average +0,8% FCR PRC PB94 PRC PB98 TN NL653 TN NL257 Nutreco PRC 16
log cfu/g Organic acids Salmonella colonization of the caecum at 14 and 20 days of life in chickens fed a diet supplemented with either organic acids (T2, T4, T5, T6), organic acids + plant extracts (T3) or other zoo technical additives (T7). Nutreco PRC, 2006 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 day 14 day 20 0,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Treatment 17
Prebiotics (Special) feedstuffs Fructo-oligosaccharydes (FOS), mannan-oligosacharydes (MOS) and -D-glucans Strength FOS: Stimulate growth of beneficial micro flora Minimum dose 0.4% (Giggs y Jacob, 2005) More efficient combined with probiotics (Newman, 2005) MOS: Avoid adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to enterocite receptors Recommended dose 0.1 0.2% Wakeman (2005) average 44 trials: LWG + 1.8%, FCR -1.9% -D-glucans: stimulate immune response, increased IgA production 18
% improvement compared to negative control Prebiotics Effect of two types of glucans on the performance of MAS challenged broiler chickens (Nutreco PRC, 2001) Weakness 5 Quality control 4 Over stimulation of intestinal 3 micro flora 2 0-21 days 0-42 days Impaired FCR (FOS) 1 Over stimulation of the immune response (β-d- 0-1 BG1 BG2 BG1 BG2 glucans) 19
Plant extracts / Essential oils Strength Organoleptic additives (easy registration: 75% of the registered additives in EU) Well accepted by consumers: natural additives Enhance digestibility and performance Different modes of action (antimicrobials, antioxidants, immune modulators, enhance enzyme production, ) May have synergistic effects Weakness Very specific mode of action Varying composition quality control Product handling (corrosive, irritants, volatility) High and expensive effective doses 20
Plant extracts / Essential oils % improvement respect negative control in MAS infected broilers (0-21 days) 6 4 2 0-2 -4-6 -8 FI LWG FCR Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Exp. 4 Exp. 5 Gutiérrez del Alamo et al. (2005) 21
Challenges: safety Regulation (EC) nº 646/2007 (June 12, 2007) Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in broilers 22
National Programme for Salmonella Control 23
Challenges: gut health Performance Feed problems Intestinal Integrity Virus Coccidiosis Bacterial enteritis Costridial enteritis Disbacteriosis (non especific enteritis) Necrotic enteritis Colangiohepatitis 24
Quality Little environmental concern in the broiler industry, more important in the ruminant, swine and layer sectors Nitrogen and phosphorus emissions are growing attention litter disposal Directive 2007/43/EC (June 28, 2007) minimum orders for broiler protection and welfare Carcass quality 25
Traceability Hygiene Regulations Food Chain Report (FCR) Informe Cadena Alimentaria (ICA) 26
Safety Consumer perception Zoonoses Campylobacter jejuni Listeria monocytogenes 27
Thank you 28