Dietary Amino Acid Needs of Broilers. W. A. Dozier, III Associate Professor Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA

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1 Dietary Amino Acid Needs of Broilers W. A. Dozier, III Associate Professor Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA

2 1957 Broiler 1977 Broiler 2005 Broiler Source: Renema et al, 2006

3 Yield Breast (% Live weight) Yield BCR (g:g) 10.7 c ± b ± a ± c ± b ± a ±0.01 Yield p< Breast FCR p< Source: Renema et al, 2006

4 Meat = Skeletal Muscle Long, multi-nucleated cells (myofibers) Number of myofibers are fixed during embryogenesis Critical periods (?): * embryonic * early post-hatch

5 Muscle growth = Protein Accretion Rate of growth of muscle (protein tissue) is a function of rate of supply of amino acids Proteins are continually degraded and re-synthesized proportional to: * the mass of the tissue * nutrient supply * tissue function (muscle>brain/kidney) Growth= Protein synthesis/degradation

6 Nutrient Pool for Growth Marginal inadequacies (limiting amino acids) * critical periods of growth * yield and quality consequences Breast muscle * one-third of all meat * one-half of total edible protein

7 Feed Conversion Ratio of Broilers Grown to 2.0 kg Source: Fancher, 2006

8 FEED MIX Volume 2 Number 4 (1994)

9 Digestible Amino Acid Ratios Lys is the reference amino acid using the Ideal Amino Acid Ratio Concept, which influences other amino acid requirements when expressed as a ratio to Lys. Most requirement estimates were based upon NRC (1994) growth periods and not relevant to industry feeding schedules. Dietary Lys is critical for breast meat development with the juvenile broiler.

10 Objective Determine digestible (dig) Lys requirement of female broilers from 1 to 7 and 1 to 14 d of age

11 1 to 7 d BW Gain of Female Ross Quadratic P R 2 = 0.99 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.352% kg 0.11 Control = 1.27% dig Lys Dozier et al., 2010 (unpublished data) Dig Lys, %

12 1 to 7 d FCR of Female Ross Quadratic P R 2 = 0.97 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.352% kg Control = 1.27% dig Lys Dozier et al., 2010 (unpublished data) Dig Lys, %

13 1 to 14 d BW Gain of Female Ross Quadratic P R 2 = 0.98 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.270% kg Control = 1.27% dig Lys Dozier et al., 2010 (unpublished data) Dig Lys, %

14 Objective Determine digestible (dig) TSAA to Lys ratio of broilers from 1 to 14 d of age

15 1 to 14 d FCR of Ross 708 Males Linear P R 2 = 0.70 SEM = kg:kg Dozier et al., 2012 (unpublished data) Dig TSAA:Lys Ratio

16 1 to 14 d FCR of Hubbard Cobb Males Quadratic P Reqt: 77 (0.90%) R 2 = 0.75 SEM = kg:kg Dozier et al., 2012 (unpublished data) Dig TSAA:Lys Ratio

17 Objective Determine digestible (dig) Lys requirement of Ross TP16 male and female broilers from 14 to 28 d of age

18 14 to 28 d BW Gain of Male Broilers Quadratic P R 2 = 0.95 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.109% Control = 1.25% dig Lys kg Dozier et al., 2009 Dig Lys, %

19 14 to 28 d FCR of Male Broilers Quadratic P R 2 = 0.98 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.19% (1.15%) 1.60 kg:kg a 1.40 Control (1.25% dig Lys) b Dig Lys, %

20 14 to 28 d BW Gain of Female Broilers Quadratic P R 2 = 0.86 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.03% (0.98%) Control = 1.25% dig Lys kg Dig Lys, %

21 14 to 28 d FCR of Female Broilers Quadratic P R 2 = 0.89 SEM = Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.02% (0.99%) 1.72 kg:kg Control = 1.25% dig Lys Dig Lys, %

22 Objective Determine digestible (dig) Lys and Thr requirements of female Ross TP16 broilers from 14 to 28 d of age

23 BW Gain Lys (% dig) Thr (% dig) C C Corzo et al.,

24 FCR (g/g) Lys (% dig) Thr (% dig) C C Corzo et al.,

25 Objective Determine digestible (dig) Lys requirement of male broilers from 28 to 42 d of age

26 Experimental Design Dig Lys, % Replicates or or or or or or or or or 12 Control (0.99) 9 or 12

27 28 to 42 d BW Gain of Male Cobb 700 kg Quadratic P R 2 = 0.96 Req Quadratic broken-line = 0.965% Dozier et al., Control = 0.99% dig Lys Dig Lys, %

28 kg:kg to 42 d Feed Conversion of Male Cobb 700 Quadratic P R 2 = 0.98 Req Quadratic broken-line = 1.012% Control = 0.99% dig Lys Dozier et al., 2010 Dig Lys, %

29 to 42 d Total Breast Weight of Male Cobb 700 Quadratic P R 2 = 0.94 Req Quadratic broken-line = 0.987% Control = 0.99% dig Lys kg Dozier et al., Dig Lys, %

30 to 42 d Total Breast Yield Quadratic P R 2 = 0.95 Req Quadratic broken-line = 0.981% of Male Cobb 700 Control = 0.99% dig Lys % Dozier et al., Dig Lys, %

31 Estimated Dietary Lysine Needs of Straight-Run Broilers Age, d Dig Lys, % 0 to to to to to to

32 Objective Determine digestible (dig) Val to Lys ratio of male broilers from 26 to 41 d of age

33 26 to 41 d BW Gain of Ross Ross Linear P Ratio= 77.6 (0.737%) SEM: Males Control = 0.74% dig Val kg Dozier et al., Dig Val, %

34 26 to 41 d Breast Meat of Ross Ross Linear P Ratio= 77.7 (0.738%) SEM: Males kg Dozier et al., 2010 (unpublished data) Dig Val, %

35 Dietary Treatments L-Valine Inclusion Analyzed Pounds per Ton Inclusion (pounds per ton) Crude Protein DL-MET L-LYS HCl L-THR (Ind.?) (Ind.) Nutrient levels of: dtsaa, dlys, & dthr (equal and adequate) RATIOS to dlys L-Valine Inclusion (pounds per ton) dile Ratio darg Ratio dtrp Ratio (Ind.?) (Ind.) Thr/Lys=67

36 28 to 42 d BW Gain a a a a a a 1.45 b (Ind.?) 0.68 (Ind.) Corzo et al., 2011 Dietary L-Val (pounds per short ton)

37 28 to 42 d FCR b b c 2.00 a a a a (Ind.?) 0.68 (Ind.) Corzo et al., 2011 Dietary L-Val (pounds per short ton)

38 Objective To evaluate the effects of dietary amino acid density on growth performance, meat yield responses, and gross feeding margins of broilers fed during a 35 or 42 d production period.

39 Treatments Treatment 1: 1.00, 0.90 and 0.80% dig Lys Treatment 2: 1.07, 0.97 and 0.87% dig Lys Treatment 3: 1.14, 1.04 and 0.94% dig Lys Treatment 4: 1.21, 1.11 and 1.01% dig Lys Treatment 5: 1.28, 1.18 and 1.08% dig Lys All diets were formulated on dig AA ratios for TSAA,Thr, Val, and Ile.

40 Amino Acid Ratios AA Starter Grower Finisher TSAA Thr Val Ile Arg Trp

41 Materials and Methods Fifteen hundred male chicks were housed in 60 floor pens with 25 birds/pen (Two trials with each differing in strain source). Twelve reps/trt with feed and water provided ad libitum. Lighting and temperature protocols followed primary breeder company guidelines.

42 Measurements Birds and feed were weighed at 1, 14, 28, and 35 or 1, 14, 28, and 42 d of age for BW, BWG, FI, and FCR determination. At 36 or 43 d of age, 8 birds per pen were processed to determine live weight, weights of the whole carcass, wings, drumsticks, thighs, and pectoralis major and minor muscles, and abdominal fat.

43 1 to 35 d BW Gain (Hubbard Cobb 500) Quadratic P R 2 = 0.99 SEM = 0.015

44 1 to 35 d FCR (Hubbard Cobb 500) Linear P R 2 = 0.91 SEM = 0.006

45 36 d Carcass Weight (Hubbard Cobb 500) Quadratic P R 2 = 0.98 SEM = 0.015

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48 Auburn Life-Cycle Trial 1 Parts ROFC X= Weighted dlys Regression = Y Basal 0.88% $2.66 Ind Low 0.95% $2.82 Ind High 1.02% $3.06 Requirement 1.09% $3.04 Summit 1.16% $3.03 Max Response Weighted dlys 1.101% For Cut-Up Parts Profit Maximization, the dlys level is slightly above the Requirement. Maximum Parts ROFC $3.0637

49 1 to 42 d BW Gain (Ross Ross 708) Quadratic P R 2 = 0.98 SEM = 0.02

50 1 to 42 d FCR (Ross Ross 708) Linear P R 2 = 0.96 SEM = 0.010

51 43 d Breast Weight (Ross Ross 708) Quadratic P R 2 = 0.99 SEM = 0.009

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54 Parts ROFC X= Weighted dlys Regression = Y Basal 0.86% $3.56 Ind Low 0.93% $3.68 Ind High 1.00% $3.85 Requirement 1.07% $3.89 Summit 1.14% $3.87 Max Response Weighted dlys 1.096% For Cut-Up Parts Profit Maximization, the dlys level is above the Requirement. Maximum Parts ROFC $3.8888

55 Summary Amino acid density has a pronounced impact on growth and meat yield responses. Amino acid needs of broilers varies among genetic strains and market weight/product mix. Meat prices and feed ingredient cost should be considered to establish economic optimum of dietary amino acid specifications.