ESM Tle 1. Chrcteristion of the humn non-dietic cohort used for MRIsed ssessment of pncretic ft nd insulin secretion vi OGTT. Trit sex Medin (IQR) 86 femles, 5 mles ge (yers) 4.4 (.5-5.57) BMI (kg/m²).62 (28.75-.21) fsting glucose (mmol/l) 5.22 (4.94-5.61) post-chllenge glucose (12 min, mmol/l) 6.44 (5.78-7.2) fsting insulin (pmol/l) 66 (5-1) post-chllenge insulin (12 min, pmol/l) 416 (29.5-648.5) pncretic ft (MRI-ssessed, %) 7.47 (5.4-1.) insulin sensitivity index (ritrry units) 9.66 (5.8-1.16) insulinogenic index (ritrry units) 168.6 (11.42-27.11) AUC C-peptid -/Insulin - (ritrry units) 184.4 (141.74-25.14)
ESM Tle 2. Culture medi nd protein lysis uffer composition nd supplements (finl concentrtions) CMRL-166 D-Glucose L-glutmine HEPES 5 mmol/l 2 mmol/l 1 mmol/l FCS (Serv) 1 (v/v) % RPMI164 HEPES 1 mmol/l N-pyruvte 1 mmol/l L-glutmine 2 mmol/l FCS 1 (v/v) % MEM/Hm s mixture F12 FCS 2 (v/v) % Chicken Emryo Extrct (Ser Lortories) 1 (v/v) % L-glutmine 2 mmol/l Penicillin 1 IU/ml Fungizone.5 mg/ml Streptomycin.1 mg/ml DMEM/Hm s mixture F12 Pntothente 17 mmol/l Biotin 1 mmol/l L-glutmine 2 mmol/l Insulin.1 mmol/l Apotrnsferrin 2 mg/ml FCS 5 (v/v) % Penicillin 1 IU/ml Streptomycin.1 mg/ml Fungizone.5 mg/ml -isoutyl-1-methyl-xnthine.5 mmol/l Cortisol 1 µmol/l Troglitzone 1 µmol/l Indomethcin 5 µmol/l RIPA uffer Tris/HCl (ph 7.5) 25 mmol/l NCl mmol/l EDTA 2 mmol/l NF 1 mmol/l N VO 4 1 mmol/l Glycerol 1 (v/v) % Nonidet-P4 1 (v/v) % SDS.1 (v/v) % C24H9NO4.1 (v/v) % Protese Inhiitor Cocktil (Sigm-Aldrich, #P84) 1 (v/v) %
ESM Tle. Antiodies Antiody Dilution Method Supplier APC-Anti-CD1, (WM59, 5 µg/ml) FITC-Anti-CD14 (M5E2, 1 µg/ml) 1:1 FACS BioLegend, London, GB 1:1 FACS BioLegend, London, GB Anti-insulin 1:1 Immunohistologicl stining Anti-glucgon 1:6 Immunohistologicl stining Snt Cruz Biotechnology Dlls, Texs, USA Anti-somtosttin 1: Immunohistologicl stining Dko Glostrup, Denmrk Anti-diponectin 1:8 Immunohistologicl stining Cell Signling Technology; Dnvers, MA,USA Anti-CD68 1: Immunohistologicl stining Cell Signling Technology; Alex-Fluor488 got nti-rit IgG Anti-p65NFkppB 1:1 1:1 1:4 Immunostining Thermo Fisher Scientific (Invitrogen) Wlthm, MA, USA Western Blotting; Immunostining Cell Signling Technology P-Thr18/Tyr185-JNK 1:1 Western Blotting Cell Signling Technology Anti-P-Ser56-NFkB 1:1 Western Blotting Cell Signling Technology Anti-JNK 1:1 Western Blotting Cell Signling Technology Anti-GAPDH 1:1 Western Blotting Cell Signling Technology Anti-Tuulin 1:1 Western Blotting Cell Signling Technology ECL Rit IgG, HRPlinked whole A from donkey 1:2 Western Blotting GE Helthcre; Munich, Germny
ESM Tle 4. Humn nd mouse primers nd proes for PCR mplifiction Homo spiens Gene Forwrd primer sequence Reverse primer sequence Proe ADIPOQ 5-GGTGAGAAGGGTGAGAAAGGA- 5-TTTCACCGATGTCTCCCTTAG- 85 BCL2 5-AGTACCTGAACCGGCACCT- 5-GCCGTACAGTTCCACAAAGG- 75 GCG 5-TCTGTTCTACAGCACACTACCAGA- 5-AGCTGCCTTGTACCAGCATT- 5 CCL2 5-CTGCTCATAGCAGCCACCTT- 5-GCACTGAGATCTTCCTATTGGTG- 62 CXCL8 5-AGACAGCAGAGCACACAAGC- 5-AGGAAGGCTGCCAAGAGAG- 72 HGF 5-GCATGTCCTCCTGCATCTC- 5-TTCTTCTTTTCCTTTGTCCCTCT- 2 IL1B 5-CTGTCCTGCGTGTTGAAAGA- 5-TTGGGTAATTTTTGGGATCTACA- 78 IL6 5-AGCTATGAACTCCTTCTCCACAA- 5-GGTACTGGGGCAGGGAAG- 68 INS 5-AGGCTTCTTCTACACACCCAAG- 5-CACAATGCCACGCTTCTG- 27 IRS2 5-TGACTTCTTGTCCCACCACTT- 5-CATCCTGGTGATAAAGCCAGA- 49 PDX1 5-AAGCTCACGCGTGGAAAG- 5-GCCGTGAGATGTACTTGTTGAA- 78 RPS1 5-CCCCACTTGGTTGAAGTTGA- 5-ACACCATGTGAATCTCTCAGGA- 68 SLC2A2 5-TGGTTTTCACTGCTGTCTCTG- 5-CATTCCAATTAGAAAGAGAGAACGTC- 8 SST 5-ACCCCAGACTCCGTCAGTTT- 5-ACAGCAGCTCTGCCAAGAAG- 8 TNF 5-CAGCCTCTTCTCCTTCCTGAT- 5-GCCAGAGGGCTGATTAGAGA- 29 TGFβ1 5-GCAGCACGTGGAGCTGTA- 5-CAGCCGGTTGCTGAGGTA- 72 TGFβ 5-GCTGGAGGAGATGCATGG- 5-TTAGGGCAGACAGCCAGTTC- 69 VEGF-A 5-CTACCTCCACCATGCCAAGT- 5-CCATGAACTTCACCACTTCGT- 6 Mus musculus Gene Forwrd primer sequence Reverse primer sequence Proe Il1 5-AGTTGACGGACCCCAAAAG- 5-TTTGAAGCTGGATGCTCTCAT- 26 Il6 5-GATGGATGCTACCAAACTGGAT- 5-CCAGGTAGCTATGGTACTCCAGA- 6 Rps1 5-TGCTCCCACCTAATTGGAAA- 5-CTTGTGCACACAACAGCATTT- 11
Men pncretic densitiy (HU, CT-derived) 6 5 4 2 1-1 Low ft content in histology High ft content in histology ESM Figure 1. Histologicl ft content is reflected y CTestimted ft content of the entire pncres. Pncretic density s n estimte of ft content ws ssessed from preopertive unenhnced computed tomogrphy studies. Here, lower HU (Hounsfield units) indicte higher ft content. Histologicl strtifiction of smples in low (n = 11) nd high ft content (n = ) ws done y resercher unwre of results from CT imging. Two-tiled unpired t-test showed significntly lower pncretic density (p =.26), indicting higher ft content, in ptients with histologiclly high ft content. Presented re individul density vlues, the dimond lot indictes group mens nd 95% CIs.
Ptient 1 Ptient 2 Ptient Ptient 4 Ptient 5 Ptient 6 Ptient 7 Ptient 8 Ptient 9 Ptient 7 Ptient 8 Ptient 9 ESM Figure 2. Adipocytes infiltrtion nd islets with high vriility in their percentge of glucgon-positive cells in humn pncretic resections. () Insulin nd () glucgon stining in sections of humn pncretic resections from () six nd () three different prticipnts, performed s indicted in the Methods. () Note the mssive infiltrtion of dipocytes throughout the pncretic prenchym. () For ech pncretic resection, pictures from islets locted within the sme tissue slice were recorded. Scle r: () 1 µm; () 1 µm.
Adipo ADIPOQ mrna ( Ct x 1) c 1..8.6.4.2. hsa (mg/ml).6 -.6 - hfet (mg/ml) -.6 -.6 Plm (µmol/l) - - 6 6 ESM Figure. Cultured humn pncretic dipocytes express diponectin. () Pre-dipocytes nd () dipocytes were isolted, differentited nd cultured s descried in the Methods. Lipid droplets detected y Oil Red O stining ccumulted in differentited dipocytes ut not in predipocytes. (c) Adipocytes were cultured for 24h in the presence of humn serum lumin (hsa), humn fetuin-a (hfet) nd plmitte (Plm) s indicted. Cellulr ADIPOQ (Adiponectin) mrna levels were quntified y RT/qPCR nd results re expressed s Ct reltive to RPS1. Dt re expressed s men ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Pre-dipo CCL2 mrna ( Ct) Pre-dipo CXCL8 mrna ( Ct) Pre-dipo IL6 mrna ( Ct) 1 8 6 4 2 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) 6 6 - - 6 6 CLI (µmol/l) - 5-5 - 5 2 1 5 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) 6 6 - - 6 6 CLI (µmol/l) - 5-5 - 5 c 1 8 6 4 2 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) 6 6 - - 6 6 CLI (µmol/l) - 5-5 - 5 ESM Figure 4. Plmitte/fetuin-A-induced cytokine expression in humn pncretic predipocytes is medited y TLR4. Pncretic predipocytes were cultured for 24 h in the presence of hsa, hfet, plmitte nd TLR4 inhiitor CLI-95 s indicted nd descried in the Methods. (-c) Fold chnge of IL6, CXCL8 (IL-8) nd CCL2 (MCP- 1) expression (trget gene mrna level reltive to RPS1 mrna level). Results re presented s men ± SEM of three independent experiments. hsa (humn serum lumin); hfet (humn fetuin- A); Plm (plmitte); CLI (CLI-95; TLR4 inhiitor);,, significnt to respective condition without CLI-95.
Pre-dipo HGF mrna ( Ct x 1) Adipo HGF mrna ( Ct x 1) Pre-dipo VEGF mrna ( Ct x 1) Adipo VEGF mrna ( Ct x 1) Pre-dipo TGFB mrna ( Ct x 1) Adipo TGFB mrna ( Ct x 1) Pre-dipo TGFB1 mrna ( Ct x 1) Adipo TGFB1 mrna ( Ct x 1) e 2 2 1 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 f 2 2 1 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 c g 8 2 6 4 1 2 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 d h 2 2 1 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 ESM Fig. 5. Effects of fetuin-a, plmitte nd co-culture with humn islets on pncretic pre-dipocyte nd dipocyte mrna levels. Isolted humn (-d) predipocytes nd (e-h) dipocytes were cultured for 24 h in the presence of test sustnces only (lck rs) or in co-culture with islets (htched rs) s indicted nd descried in the Methods. Gene expression (trget gene mrna level reltive to RPS1 mrna level) is presented s men ± SEM of three to seven independent experiments. hsa (humn serum lumin); hfet (humn fetuin-a); Plm (plmitte).
islet VEGF mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet HGF mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet TGFB1 mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet TGFB mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet BCL2 mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet SLC2A2 mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet CCL2 mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet CXCL8 mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet TNF mrna (ΔCt x 1) islet IL-6 mrna (ΔCt x 1) 1.2.9.6.. hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 f 1.5 1.2.9.6.. hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 * 12 9 6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 g 8 6 4 2 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 * c 4 2 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 h 12 9 6 ** hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 * ** d 8 6 4 2 i 8 6 4 2 e hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 25 2 1 5 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 j. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - - 6 6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 ESM Fig. 6. Effects of fetuin-a nd plmitte on gene expression in humn islets. Isolted humn islets were cultured for 24 h in the presence of test sustnces s indicted nd descried in the Methods. Expression (trget gene mrna level reltive RPS1 mrna level) results re presented s men ± SEM of six to ten independent experiments. hsa (humn serum lumin); hfet (humn fetuin-a); Plm (plmitte). Note high mrna levels of VEGF nd TGFB in humn islets. *significnt to hsa, significnt to Plm.
Islet IRS2 mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet IRS2 mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet PDX1 mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet PDX1 mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet SST mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet SST mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet GCG mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet GCG mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet INS mrna ( Ct x 1) Islet INS mrna ( Ct x 1) 4 f 4 2 2 1 1 c d hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 4 2 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 4 2 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 25 2 1 5 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 g h i hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 4 2 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 4 2 1 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 12 9 6 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 e 8 j 2 6 4 2 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 1 5 hsa (mg/ml).6.6 - - hfet (mg/ml) - -.6.6 Plm (µmol/l) - 6-6 ESM Figure 7. Fetuin-A does not induce dedifferentition of humn islets. Humn islets were cultured for 24 h in the sence (white rs) nd presence (htched rs) of (-e) pre-dipocytes (n=5-7) nd (f-j) dipocytes (n=) s descried in the Methods. Reltive islet mrna levels re expressed s men ± SEM. hsa (humn serum lumin); hfet (humn fetuin-a); Plm (plmitte).