Respiratory System BSC 2086 A&P 2 Professor Tcherina Duncombe Palm Beach State College
Respiration Ventilation of lungs Gas exchange between air/bld and bld/tissue Use of oxygen in cellular respiration
Respiratory System: Function O 2 /CO 2 exchange Speech/vocalizations Smell Controls ph of body fluids Regulates blood pressure Promote flow of lymph and venous blood Breath-holding helps to expel abdominal contents (Valsalva maneuver)
Lower Respiratory System
Organs of Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea bronchi Lungs Conducting Division: Nostrils bronchioles Respiratory Division: Alveoli/gas exchange regions Upper: head/neck Lower: thorax 22-5
Anatomy of Nasal Region warms Cleanses humidifies Detects odors resonating chamber: amplifies voice external nares to internal nares 22-6
Anatomy of Nasal Region Shaped by bone and hyaline cartilage 22-7
Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal cavity: begins at vestibule 22-8
22-9 Upper Respiratory Tract
Mucosa: extends into lungs Ciliated pseudostratified Sensory/Nonsensory Goblet cells; ciliated cells Lysozyme destroys bacteria Lamina propria: lymphocytes, plasma cells
Mucosa Olfactory mucosa: sensory Respiratory mucosa: nonsensory Erectile tissue: large blood vessels: warm air Air flow alternates between right and left nostrils every 30 to 60 minutes Nosebleeds: from lower septum
22-12 Regions of Pharynx
Larynx: voicebox 9 cartilages 22-13
Action of Vocal Cords
Lower Respiratory Tract
Lower end of trachea Forks into primary bronchii Bronchoscope C-shaped rings: hyaline cartilage: posterior open part: trachealis Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: goblet cells, ciliated cells, short, basal stem cells Mucociliary escalator Endoscopic View
Lungs - Surface Anatomy
22-18 Lung Tissue: spongy texture
Alveolar Blood Supply
Alveolus Squamous alveolar cell: gas exchange Great alveolar cell: 1)repair 2) pulmonary surfactant: enhances inflation of alveoli/prevents collapse when exhale alveolar macrophages: much lymph drainage Respiratory membrane: low bld pressure in capillaries prevent rupture
Pleurae Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Pleural fluid Reduce friction Create pressure gradient Forms compartments: prevent spread of infection
22-22 Thorax - Cross Section
Respiratory Muscles
Respiratory Control Centers
Neural Control of Breathing Dependent on brain: Skeletal muscles need nervous stimulation to contract pneumotaxic Breathing requires many muscles; need coordination mechanism Cerebral: conscious Unconscious: Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Pneumotaxic center
Peripheral Chemoreceptor Paths central: brainstem Peripheral: carotid/aortic bodies Stretch: smooth muscle: lungs irritant: epithelial cells in airway
Respiratory Cycle Pressure Resistance to Airflow diameter of bronchioles pulmonary compliance: ease of lung expansion surface tension of alveoli/distal bronchioles: infant respiratory distress syndrome anatomical dead space 150 ml : in conducting tubes: pathological dead space physiological dead space: anatomical + pathological Relaxation = minimized: parasympathetic Arousal = increased: parasympathetic
Hydrogen Bonds: form network Cohesion: surface tension: skin
Spirometry Spirometer Respiratory Volumes tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume Capacities Vital = ERV + TV = IRV Inspiratory= TV + IRV Func residual = RV + ERV Total lung = RV + VC = max ability to ventilate lungs in one breath Restrictive disorders Obstructive disorders FEV/peak flow/mrv/mvv(max breathing capacity)
Air Flow Atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure Transpulmonary pressure Temperature
Pneumothorax Atelectasis: puncture; obstruction tumor; aneurysm; swollen lymph node; inhaled object
Gas Laws Boyles Law: pressure/volume Charles Law: volume/temperature Dalton s Law: partial pressure Henry s Law: air-water interface
Boyles Law: Pressure and Volume: inversely proportional Atmospheric pressure drives respiration
Alveolar Gas Exchange
22-35 Concentration Gradients of Gases
22-36 Ambient Pressure and Concentration Gradients
22-37 Lung Disease Affects Gas Exchange
Perfusion Adjustments
Ventilation Adjustments
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve 22-40
Systemic Gas Exchange
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Oxygen Dissociation and Temperature 22-43
Oxygen Dissociation and ph Bohr effect: release of O 2 in response to low ph
Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases COPD Bronchitis Emphysema Corpulmonale Carcinoma
Healthy Lung/Smokers Lung- Carcinoma