Ch16: Respiratory System

Transcription

1 Ch16: Respiratory System

2 Function: - O2 in and CO2 out of the blood vessels in the lungs - O2 out and CO2 into the blood vessels around the cells - Gas exchange happens in - Other organs purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air - also act as conducting passageways

3 Cells, Tissues, and Membranes Cells Surfactant secreting cells Macrophage Epithelial Simple squamous alveoli Pseudostratified columnar respiratory passageway Connective Hyaline cartilage in the larynx and nose Elastic cartilage in the larynx Membranes Mediastinum Pleural visceral and parietal

4 Development Lungs are one of the to develop Surfactant levels are not large until late in pregnancy = fatty molecule that lowers the surface tension of water in the lining of alveoli Fetus lungs filled with All respiratory gas exchange made by At birth passageways are drained and alveoli for the first time Lungs are not fully inflated until

5 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs with alveoli.

6 Nose Function = warming,, and moistening inhaled air; detecting smells; and modifying the sounds of speech Externally: Air enters external nares ( ) Internally: Divided into right and left sides by the nasal septum Space within =

7 Nose Nasal Conchae = three shelves within the nasal cavity lined with mucosa through the cavity and traps particles, as well as warm the air nasal cavity - within the nasal cavity wave mucus to the throat, where it, along with trapped particles, is swallowed and/or spit out. nasal conchae

8 The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a partition called the palate Hard palate part that is supported by bone Soft palate unsupported part The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of paranasal Function: lighten skull, add resonance chambers for speech, produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavity

9 Pharynx Funnel-shaped tube from the end of the nasal cavity to the superior border of the larynx Function = passageway for, provides a resonating chamber for voice, and houses the tonsils, which are lymphatic nodules

10 (uppermost portion) = Air travels from the nasal cavities into the nasopharynx Also, the auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx, allowing pressure equalization in the middle ear (middle portion) = Has openings into the mouth and nasopharynx; passage for air and food (lowermost portion) = Connects with the esophagus, oropharynx, and the larynx

11 Larynx Larynx (Adam s Apple = rigid cartilage structure (hyaline and elastic) that connects the pharynx with the trachea (windpipe) larynx Function = anterior Present in both genders, but is and more pronounced in males. anterior posterior

12 Epiglottis = large flap of cartilage which attaches to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone As you swallow, the larynx and pharynx and the pharynx widens as it rises to accommodate the swallowed food As the larynx rises, the epiglottis moves down and over the opening to the trachea, preventing food and/or drink from getting into the airways

13 Voice Production The structures that allow for vocalization are folds in the larynx False vocal cords = allow you to hold your breath against, as when you pick up something heavy True vocal cords = vibrate to give your voice and. The space between the folds is called the superior view: muscles and cartilage superior view: as if through a laryngoscope

14 Tiny within the larynx move the folds closer together, farther apart. Males tend to have deeper voices because their vocal cords are usually and than those of females. Thus, they naturally vibrate more slowly

15 Trachea Also known as the Tubular air passage that splits in to right and left bronchi. Wall is lined with mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) cartilage C esophagus trachea Cilia in the trachea move mucus it to the throat to remove the trapped particles from the respiratory tract

16 Supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep trachea from The gap in the C faces the esophagus, which is posterior to the trachea. This accommodates the as food is swallowed and sent down to the stomach

17 Bronchi and Bronchioles Trachea divides at its bottom into the right and left primary bronchus = entryways into each lung Right primary bronchus is wider,, and straighter than the left more common site for an inhaled object to become By the time air gets to bronchi, it is warmed, cleansed, and well humidified

18 Once in the lung, the primary bronchi split into secondary bronchi one for each lobe of the lung Secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, which continue to divide into smaller and smaller tubes known as

19 As branching increases: Cartilage rings, then ultimately vanish Smooth muscle this can dilate or constrict airways due to demand attacks involve spasms of this smooth muscle, constricting the airways. primary bronchi diaphragm

20 Lungs Spongy, shaped organ in the thoracic cavity that is separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum oblique fissure horizontal fissure oblique fissure Surrounded by the pleural membrane which has a visceral side and a parietal side. In between the layers is filled with fluid to ease.

21 The smallest organizational unit of the lung is a. Terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles, which are capable of gas exchange. These further subdivide into alveolar ducts and eventually into.

22 Alveoli Cup-shaped section of an alveolar sac which is the by between the lungs and the bloodstream Walls are extremely thin simple squamous tissue The Respiratory Membrane: combination of and that separate gas in the lungs from the bloodstream.

23 Within the alveoli are cells called surfactant secreting cells, which keep the inner surface of the alveoli moist by secreting a fluid known as alveolar fluid. Contained within alveolar fluid is surfactant a lipid/protein substance that helps prevent alveoli from. Also have alveolar macrophages that are present to help remove particulates and other debris in the alveolar spaces.

24 Close view of an Alveolus: