Skeletal System By Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr. Instructor I, Department of Natural Sciences College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine RMTU San Marcelino
Learning Outcomes Describe the parts of a long bone. List the substances that make up bone tissue. List the functions of bones. Identify bones by their classifications. Describe how long bones grow.
Learning Outcomes (cont.) List and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure. List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Describe the location of each bone. Define fontanels and explain their importance.
Learning Outcomes (cont.) Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each. Describe the structure of a synovial joint. Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeletal system.
Introduction Bones provide the body with structure and support 206 bones with joints and connective tissue Divisions Axial 80 bones Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Appendicular 126 bones Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
The Skeletal System
Bone Structure Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy
Bone Structure (cont.) Compact bone looks solid Structures can be observed with a microscope All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone
Bone Structure (cont.) Classification by shape Long bones located primarily in the arms and legs Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone) Short bones small bones located in the wrists and ankles Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)
Bone Structure (cont.) Flat bones located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle
Bone Structure: Gender Differences Male Skull Larger and heavier Forehead shorter Face less round Jaw larger Male pelvic bones Heavier and thicker Obturator foramina and acetabula are larger and closer together Mastoid processes more prominent
Bone Structure: Gender Differences (cont.) Male pelvic cavity Narrower and longer Less roomy and more funnel shaped Male coccyx Less movable Male sacrum Narrower Sacral promontory projects forward Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly
Functions of Bones Give shape to body parts Support and protect soft structures Examples brain, lungs, heart Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them Allow for voluntary movement
Functions of Bones (cont.) Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells hematopoiesis Store calcium
Checkpoint Why is it important for the bones to store calcium? ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.
Bone Growth Ossification process of bone growth Intramembranous ossification Bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane Bone-forming cells called osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull)
Bone Growth (cont.) Endochondral ossification Bones begin as cartilage models Primary ossification center Bone formed in the diaphysis Secondary ossification center Epiphyses turn to bone Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the diaphysis will continue to grow Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts
Bone Growth: Building Better Bones Teach healthy behaviors Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin D Bone-health exercises Weight-bearing Strength training Bone-healthy lifestyle Avoid smoking Avoid alcohol
Bone Growth (cont.) Bone tests Bone density Bone scans Diagnose causes of Bone pain Arthritis Bone infections Bone cancers
Checkpoint What are the two types of bone growth? ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.
Bony Structures Rigid foundation Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment Depressions and hollows for articulations the connection of bones at joints Openings for blood vessels and nerves
Bony Structures (cont.) Term Condyle Crest Epicondyle Foramen Fossa Definition A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone A narrow, ridge-like projection A projection situated above a condyle An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments A relatively deep pit or depression
Bony Structures (cont.) Term Head Process Suture Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity Definition An enlargement on the end of a bone A prominent projection on a bone An interlocking line of union between bones A relatively large process A small, knoblike process A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
The Skull Two bone types: Cranial form the top, sides, and back of the skull Facial form the face Soft spots felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels Tough membranes that connect the incompletely developed bones
The Skull: Cranial Bones Frontal anterior Parietal top and most of the sides Occipital back Temporal form the lower sides of the skull Sphenoid and ethmoid bones floor Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body Malleus Incus Stapes
The Skull (cont.) Mandible forms the lower jaw bone Maxillae form the upper jawbone Zygomatic form the prominence of the cheeks Nasal bones fuse together to form the bridge of the nose Palatine form the anterior portion of the palate Vomer a thin bone that divides the nasal cavity Click to see Skull
The Spinal Column 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
The Spinal Column (cont.) Cervical vertebrae Smallest and lightest Located in the neck region First one is atlas Second one is axis Thoracic vertebrae Join the 12 pairs of ribs Lumbar vertebrae Have very sturdy structures
The Spinal Column (cont.) Sacrum A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused vertebrae Coccyx A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae Considered unnecessary More commonly called the tailbone
The Rib Cage Sternum Breastplate Forms the front middle portion of the rib cage Joins with the clavicles and most ribs Xyphoid process Cartilaginous tip
The Rib Cage (cont.) 12 pairs of ribs All are attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae True First seven pairs of ribs Attach to sternum by costal cartilage False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly to any structure
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands Shoulders pectoral girdles Clavicles Scapulae Upper limb or arm bones Humerus Radius Ulna
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.) Hand 8 carpals per hand 5 metacarpals per hand 14 phalanges per hand 3 in each finger 2 in each thumb
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet Hipbones Coxal bones form the pelvic girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.) Bones of leg Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.) Bones of the foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Joints Junctions between bones Classification based on structure Fibrous joints Connected together with short fibers Between cranial bones and facial bones Sutures fibrous joints in the skull
Joints Cartilaginous joints Connected together with a disc of cartilage Between vertebrae
Joints Synovial joints Covered with hyaline cartilage Held together by a fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other Freely movable Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like structures called ligaments
Common Diseases and Disorders Arthritis general term meaning joint inflammation Osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight-bearing joints Rheumatoid Arthritis chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Bursitis inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed Ewing s Family of Tumors (EFT) a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone Gout a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Kyphosis abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback) Lordosis exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback) Osteogenesis imperfecta brittle-bone disease Osteoporosis a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time
Disorders Kyphosis Lordosis
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Osteosarcoma a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue Paget s disease causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak Scoliosis an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine
Disorders Scoliosis
Checkpoint The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder? Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue.
In Summary Skeletal system Two divisions Bone growth through ossification Functions Supports the body Protects internal organs Attachment for muscles for movement Stores minerals Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis Joined by three types of joints
Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame. ~ Virginia Woolf
Reference: Ramutkowski, Booth, Pugh. Thompson and Whicker. (2015). Medical Assisting. McGrawHill Companies, Inc.
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