Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ALCAPA. See Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Angiosarcoma computed tomographic assessment of, 809 811 Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, 715, 721, 723 Anterior-posterior projection image angiography, 681 Aortic coarctation computed tomographic evaluation of, 824 Aortic insufficiency, 786 Aortic stenosis, 785 786 Aortic valves computed tomographic evaluation of, 708 709, 785 787 and regurgitation, 786 787 and stenosis, 785 786 Aortic valvular stenosis computed tomographic evaluation of, 824 825 Artifacts 683 ASD. See Atrial septal defect. Atrial appendage computed tomographic evaluation of, 704 707 Atrial septal defect computed tomographic evaluation of, 821 822 Automated vessel segmentation angiography, 688 Axial review angiography, 690 B Bismuth shielding and radiation dose reduction, 664 C CAA. See Coronary artery anomalies. CAF. See Coronary artery fistula. Cardiac arrhythmias angiography, 677 678 Radiol Clin N Am 48 (2010) 837 842 doi:10.1016/s0033-8389(10)00131-4 0033-8389/10/$ see front matter ª 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Cardiac computed tomography historical perspective, 657 658 and measuring radiation dose, 662 radiation dose issues in, 661 662 and radiation dose reduction, 662 669 and spatial resolution, 658 659 and temporal resolution, 659 660 and volume coverage, 660 661 Cardiac computed tomography technology and dose-reduction strategies, 657 674 Cardiac lymphoma computed tomographic assessment of, 812 813 Cardiac masses imaging modalities for, 799 800 Cardiac valves computed tomographic evaluation of, 783 794 computed tomographic evaluation of disease, 784 785 normal morphology and function of, 784 785 pathologic conditions and dysfunction of, 785 and radiation exposure from computed tomography, 784 technical considerations of computed tomography, 784 CCTA. See Coronary computed tomography angiography. Chest pain and combined cardiac and thoracic computed tomographic evaluation, 749 751 computed tomography in assessment of, 745 749 and computed tomography in the emergency department, 751 752 evaluation of the patient with, 745 752 CNR. See Contrast-to-noise ratio. Complex cyanotic heart disease computed tomographic evaluation of, 826 830 Computed tomographic angiography and evaluation of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 757 765 Computed tomographic evaluation of the normal cardiac anatomy, 701 710 Computed tomography evaluation of cardiac valves: a review, 783 797 Computed tomography of adult congenital heart disease, 817 835 Computed tomography of cardiac pseudotumors and neoplasms, 799 816 Congenital aneurysms and coronary artery anomalies, 717 718, 722 radiologic.theclinics.com
838 Index Congenital heart disease and cardiac computed tomography techniques in adults, 818 and complex correct surgeries, 832 833 computed tomographic evaluation of, 821 imaging algorithms for, 817 818 interventional and surgical procedures for, 830 833 and magnetic resonance imaging, 817 and palliative shunts, 830 832 and transesophageal echocardiography, 817 and transthoracic echocardiography, 817 and viewing planes for coronary computed tomography angiography, 818 819 Contrast flow rate Contrast injection protocols Contrast reaction Contrast-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution, 659 and volume coverage, 661 Contrast transit time angiography, 682 Coronary arcade, 720 Coronary arteries computed tomographic evaluation of, 701 704 Coronary artery anatomy normal features of, 712 normal versus anomalous, 711 712 Coronary artery anomalies, 711 727 classification of, 713 715 clinical significance of, 720 724 congenital aneurysms, 717 718, 722 coronary arcade, 720 coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus/ coronary artery, 713, 715 coronary artery duplication, 719, 722 723 coronary artery fistula, 719 720, 723 and coronary ostial location, 716 and coronary ostial number, 716 of coronary termination, 719 720 and ectasia, 717 718, 722 embryology of, 712 epidemiology and detectability of, 712 713 extracardiac termination, 720 and intraarterial course, 720 721 intramural, 717, 721 722 of intrinsic coronary artery anatomy, 717 719 myocardial bridging, 718 719, 722 of origin and course, 713, 715 716 origin from the pulmonary artery, 715 716 ostial atresia, 717, 721 722 and pulmonary artery origin, 721 single coronary artery, 716, 721 Coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus/ coronary artery, 713, 715 Coronary artery bypass graft surgery anatomy of, 758 complications of, 762 765 computed tomographic angiography evaluation of, 757 765 and graft aneurysm, 763 and graft malposition, 763 and graft thrombosis and occlusion, 762 763 and graft vasospasm, 763 and internal mammary artery grafts, 759 761 and multi-detector computed tomography protocol, 757 758 and pericardial and pleural effusions, 763 765 and the radial artery, 761 762 and the right gastroepiploic artery, 762 and saphenous vein grafts, 758 759 and sternal infection, 765 Coronary artery calcium scan angiography, 681 682 Coronary artery disease and computed tomographic evaluation of plaques and stenosis, 729 740 implications of coronary computed tomography angiography on patient outcome, 739 740 role of coronary computed tomography angiography in management of, 739 740 Coronary artery duplication, 719, 722 723 Coronary artery fistula, 719 720, 723 Coronary artery segmentation computed tomographic evaluation of, 702 704 Coronary computed tomography angiography and anterior-posterior projection image, 681 and artifacts, 676 683 and automated vessel segmentation, 688 and axial review, 690 and cardiac arrhythmias, 677 678 contraindications for, 676 678 and contrast flow rate, 683 and contrast injection protocols, 683 and contrast reaction, 676 and contrast transit time, 682 and coronary artery calcium scan, 681 682 and curved planar reconstructions, 691 693 and data acquisition, 682 684 and electrocardiogram lead placement, 679 goals of, 680 681 horizontal long axis plane, 819 indications for, 675 676 and intravenous access, 678 679 long and short axis views, 818 819
Index 839 and maximum intensity projection, 693 696 and multiplanar reconstructions, 690 691 and myocardial abnormalities, 771 780 and myocardial infarction, 774 775 and myocardial ischemia, 775 778 and myocardial perfusion, 771 780 and obesity, 676 and padding, 683 and patient instruction, 678, 680 and patient positioning, 679 and patient premedication, 679 and patient preparation, 675 680 patient screening for, 675 678 postprocessing techniques for, 687 699 and postprocessing techniques for display, 688 698 and pregnancy, 676 and prescan patient instructions, 678 and radiation dose reduction, 657 669 and renal insufficiency, 676 and scan protocol, 682 and scan range, 681 and scanning techniques, 680 684 short axis plane, 819 and stenosis calculation software, 688 transverse, coronal, and sagittal views, 818 and tube current, 683 and tube current modulation, 683 and tube voltage, 683 vertical long axis plane, 818 819 and vessel tracking software, 688 and volume renderings, 696 698 Coronary ostial location and coronary artery anomalies, 716 Coronary ostial number and coronary artery anomalies, 716 Coronary plaques computed tomographic imaging of, 735 740 computed tomography versus intravascular ultrasound, 738 739 implications for patient management and outcomes, 739 740 technical aspects of computed tomographic imaging, 735 Coronary stents complications of, 766 multidetector computed tomography evaluation of, 765 766 and percutaneous coronary intervention, 765 767 and restenosis, 766 and thrombosis, 766 CPR. See Curved planar reconstructions. Curved planar reconstructions angiography, 691 693 D Data acquisition angiography, 682 684 Double-outlet ventricle computed tomographic evaluation of, 829 DSCT. See Dual-source computed tomography. Dual left anterior descending coronary artery, 721 Dual-source computed tomography and radiation dose reduction, 668 669 E Ebstein anomaly computed tomographic evaluation of, 826 827 Ectasia and coronary artery anomalies, 717 718, 722 Electrocardiogram lead placement angiography, 679 Electrocardiography-controlled tube current modulation and radiation dose reduction, 664 665 Endomyocardial fibrosis computed tomographic assessment of, 803 804 Evaluation of bypass grafts and stents, 757 770 Evaluation of myocardial abnormalities and ischemia, 771 782 Evaluation of the patient with acute chest pain, 745 755 Evaluation of plaques and stenosis, 729 744 Extracardiac termination, 720 F Fibromas computed tomographic assessment of, 808 Field of view and radiation dose reduction, 664 FOV. See Field of view. G Graft aneurysm coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 763 Graft malposition and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 763 Graft thrombosis and occlusion and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 762 763 Graft vasospasm and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 763 I IMA. See Internal mammary artery. Internal mammary artery grafts and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 759 761
840 Index Intracavitary thrombi computed tomographic assessment of, 800 Intravenous access angiography, 678 679 IR. See Iterative reconstruction. Iterative reconstruction and radiation dose reduction, 669 L LCA. See Left coronary artery. Left atrium computed tomographic evaluation of, 707 Left cardiac chambers and valves computed tomographic evaluation of, 707 709 Left coronary artery computed tomographic evaluation of, 702 Left ventricle computed tomographic evaluation of, 708 709 Leiomyosarcoma computed tomographic assessment of, 812 Lipomas computed tomographic assessment of, 806 808 Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum computed tomographic assessment of, 800 801 LV. See Left ventricle. M Maximum intensity projection angiography, 693 696 Maximum intensity projections and stenosis, 730 MIP. See Maximum intensity projection. Mitral insufficiency, 790 791 Mitral stenosis, 787 790 Mitral valve computed tomographic evaluation of, 707, 787 791 and regurgitation, 790 791 and stenosis, 787 790 MPR. See Multiplanar reconstructions. Multiplanar reconstructions angiography, 690 691 Multiplanar reformations and stenosis, 730 MV. See Mitral valve. Myocardial abnormalities angiography, 771 780 Myocardial bridging, 718 719, 722 Myocardial infarction angiography, 774 775 Myocardial ischemia angiography, 775 778 Myocardial perfusion angiography, 771 780 Myocardial perfusion imaging and stenosis, 731 733 Myocardium computed tomographic evaluation of, 772 774 angiography, 774 function of, 773 774 structure and perfusion of, 772 773 Myxomas computed tomographic assessment of, 805 N Neoplasms computed tomographic assessment of, 805 813 Neoplastic heart disease computed tomographic assessment of, 804 813 Normal cardiac anatomy atria, 819 cardiac valves, 820 computed tomographic evaluation of, 701 710, 819 821 great arteries and connections, 820 great veins, 821 ventricles, 819 820 O Obesity Osteosarcoma computed tomographic assessment of, 811 812 Ostial atresia, 717, 721 722 P Padding Palliative shunts and congenital heart disease, 830 832 Papillary fibroelastomas computed tomographic assessment of, 808 809 Paragangliomas computed tomographic assessment of, 809 Patent ductus arteriosus computed tomographic evaluation of, 822 823 Patient positioning angiography, 679
Index 841 Patient premedication angiography, 679 Patient preparation and scanning techniques, 675 686 PCI. See Percutaneous coronary intervention. PDA. See Patent ductus arteriosus. Percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary stents, 765 767 Pericardial and pleural effusions and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 763 765 Pericardial cysts computed tomographic assessment of, 801 802 Pericardial hematoma computed tomographic assessment of, 802 Postprocessing techniques for coronary computed tomography angiography, 687 700 Pregnancy Primary benign tumors of the heart computed tomographic assessment of, 805 809 Primary malignant tumors of the heart computed tomographic assessment of, 809 813 Prominent crista terminalis computed tomographic assessment of, 801 Prospective triggering computed tomography studies using, 666 667 and radiation dose reduction, 665 668 Pseudotumors computed tomographic assessment of, 800 804 Pulmonary artery and coronary artery anomalies, 715 716, 721 Pulmonary valve computed tomographic evaluation of, 706 707 Pulmonary valvular stenosis computed tomographic evaluation of, 825 826 Pulmonic valve computed tomographic evaluation of, 791 792 and regurgitation, 792 and stenosis, 792 PV. See Pulmonary valve. R RA. See Radial artery. RA. See Right atrium. Radial artery and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 761 762 Radiation dose reduction and bismuth shielding, 664 angiography, 657 669 and electrocardiography-controlled tube current modulation, 664 665 and field of view, 664 and high-pitch spiral prospectively gated DSCT, 668 669 and iterative reconstruction, 669 and prospective triggering, 665 668 and scan coverage optimization, 664 specific techniques for, 662 669 and tube current optimization, 662 and tube voltage optimization, 662 663 Radiation exposure from computed tomography of cardiac valves, 784 RCA. See Right coronary artery. Renal insufficiency Restenosis and coronary stents, 766 RGEA. See Right gastroepiploic artery. Rhabdomyomas computed tomographic assessment of, 805 806 Rhabdomyosarcoma computed tomographic assessment of, 811 Right atrium computed tomographic evaluation of, 704 706 Right cardiac chambers and valves computed tomographic evaluation of, 704 707 Right coronary artery computed tomographic evaluation of, 702 Right gastroepiploic artery and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 762 Right ventricle computed tomographic evaluation of, 706 707 RV. See Right ventricle. S Saphenous vein grafts and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 758 759 Scan coverage optimization and radiation dose reduction, 664 Scan protocol angiography, 682 Scan range angiography, 681 Secondary tumors of the heart computed tomographic assessment of, 804 805 Shunt lesions computed tomographic evaluation of, 821 824 Simple obstructive lesions computed tomographic evaluation of, 824 826 Single coronary artery and coronary artery anomalies, 716, 721 Spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio, 659
842 Index Stenosis advanced visualization and automated detection tools, 731 CCTA versus invasive coronary angiography, 733 735 detection by coronary computed tomography angiography, 729 735 diagnostic computed tomographic strategies, 729 730 implications for patient management and outcomes, 739 740 and maximum intensity projections, 730 and multiplanar reformations, 730 and myocardial perfusion imaging, 731 733 Stenosis calculation software angiography, 688 Sternal infection and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 765 SVG. See Saphenous vein grafts. T Tetralogy of Fallot computed tomographic evaluation of, 827 828 Thrombosis and coronary stents, 766 Transposition of the great arteries computed tomographic evaluation of, 828 829 Tricuspid atresia computed tomographic evaluation of, 828 Tricuspid valve computed tomographic evaluation of, 704 706, 792 793 and regurgitation, 793 and stenosis, 793 Triple-rule-out computed tomography in the evaluation of acute chest pain, 749 751 TRO-CT. See Triple-rule-out computed tomography. Tube current Tube current modulation Tube current optimization and radiation dose reduction, 662 Tube voltage Tube voltage optimization and radiation dose reduction, 662 663 U Undifferentiated sarcoma computed tomographic assessment of, 811 V Valve disease radiation-induced, 794 Valve surgery computed tomographic assessment of, 794 Valvular tumors and vegetations, 793 794 Ventricular septal defect computed tomographic evaluation of, 822 Vessel tracking software angiography, 688 Volume coverage and contrast-to-noise ratio, 661 Volume renderings angiography, 696 698 VR. See Volume renderings. VSD. See Ventricular septal defect.