Human Anatomy & Physiology Introduction (Ch. 1)
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology the study of the function of the body s structural machinery
Anatomy is the study of structure (morphology) The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means to cut up or to cut open. Anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs. 1-3
Physiology studies the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be completely separated. What a structure can do depends on its specific form Form is related to function. Function always reflects structure. 1-4
Examples: Friction ridges of the fingers Folding of the intestinal lining Hardness of bone Ultra-thin lining of cells through which diffusion occurs
Humans share with other living creatures: Characteristics of Life Alter their environment. Responsiveness sense, respond and adapt to external stimuli Growth increase in body size Development life cycle homeostasis maintaining a stable internal environment
Characteristics of Life continued Organization are made of cells with a high degree of organization made of macromolecules Metabolism use and require energy Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells
Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure
Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature
Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients
Heat form of energy partly controls rate of metabolic reactions (temperature is a measurement of the amount of heat) Pressure application of force on an object atmospheric pressure important for breathing hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
These environmental factors alone do not ensure survival. The quality and quantity of these are also important.
Homeostasis The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. Body parts function efficiently only when the concentrations of water, nutrients and oxygen, and the conditions of heat and pressure remain within certain narrow limits. (Shier, et al., pg 6)
Homeostasis Describes a relatively stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Values fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values. Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable. What is the set point for body temperature? 98.6 º F/37 º C. What other variables are maintained homeostatically? Blood pressure Blood ph Blood oxygen
Because of homeostasis, you consciously/ unconsciously modify aspects of your behavior in response to changes in your internal environment. When you re cold Low blood sugar
Homeostasis is maintained by a self-regulating control mechanism feedback systems There are two (2) types: Negative (most common in humans) response reduces or eliminates change detected Positive (rare) response amplifies original stimulus
There are three (3) parts: Receptor senses change in environment Control Center regulates set-point of variables Effector organ that acts in response to changes Pg. 6
Levels of Organization in the Human Body The human body is based on a system of increasing complexity. Each level performs a specific function for the function of the whole system.
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization in the Human Body The simplest level of organization within the body is the chemical level, which is composed of atoms and molecules. (*Atoms are the smallest units of matter.)
Levels of Organization in the Human Body Large molecules join in specific ways to form cells*. The cell is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things (organisms), and it is the smallest living portion of the human body. *the basic units of structure and function in living organisms. 1-21
At the cellular level, specialized structural and functional units called organelles permit all living cells to share some common functions. 1-22
Levels of Organization in the Human Body Tissues Groups of similar cells with a common function form tissues. Tissues are organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions. 1-23
Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organs Different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions. 1-24
Levels of Organization in the Human Body System Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function form body systems. There are 12 organ systems in the human body.
Organism All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being, the organism. The whole organism is more than the sum of its individual parts.
1. Select partner(s) 2. Select a body system 3. Design a prezi to include: A picture of the system - labeled A list of the major organs A list of the major functions One interesting/fun fact about the anatomy and one about the physiology
system skeletal muscular nervous sensory cutaneous lymphatic cardiovascular respiratory digestive urinary endocrine reproductive
Levels of Organization Major Organs: skin hair nails sweat glands sebaceous glands Major Functions: protect tissue regulate body temperature support sensory receptors Integumentary system
Levels of Organization Major Components: bones ligaments cartilages Major Functions: provide framework protect soft tissue provide attachments for muscles produce blood cells store inorganic salts Skeletal system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: muscles tendons Major Functions: cause movement maintain posture produce body heat Muscular system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: brain spinal cord nerves sense organs Major Functions: detect changes receive and interpret sensory information stimulate muscles and glands Nervous system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands adrenal glands pancreas ovaries testes pineal gland thymus Major Functions: Control metabolic activities of body structures through the release of hormones Maintain homeostasis Endocrine system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: heart arteries capillaries veins Major Functions: move blood through vessels and transport substances throughout the body Cardiovascular system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: lymphatic vessels lymph nodes thymus spleen Major Functions: return tissue fluid to blood carry certain absorbed food molecules defend the body against infection Lymphatic system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: mouth tongue teeth salivary glands pharynx esophagus stomach liver and gallbladder pancreas small and large intestines Major Functions: receive, breakdown, and absorb food eliminate unabsorbed material Digestive system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs Major Functions: intake and output of air exchange gases between air and blood Respiratory system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra Major Functions: remove waste from blood maintain water and electrolyte balance store and transport urine Urinary system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: scrotum testes epididymides ductus deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands urethra penis Major Functions: produce and maintain sperm cells transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract Male reproductive system
Levels of Organization Major Organs: ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina clitoris vulva Major Functions: produce and maintain eggs cells receive sperm cells support development of an embryo function in the birth process Female reproductive system
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Anatomical position A common visual reference point Person stands erect, facing forward Palms face toward the front with the upper limbs at the sides of the body
Body Regions names of specific body areas Axial region the main axis of the body Appendicular region the limbs
Axial region Head Neck Trunk thorax abdomen pelvis perineum
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants
The abdominal area is subdivided into 9 regions.
Directional terminology (relative position) Refers to the body in anatomical position terms of directions are paired terms
Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body : Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface Dorsal =At the back side of the human body Ventral = At the belly side of the human body 1-49
Body Planes and Sections
Anatomical Terminology A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections. The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes. 1-54
Sagittal plane lengthwise plane, divides the body into left and right sides. median (midsagittal) plane - specific sagittal plane that passes along the midline
Transverse (horizontal) plane - runs horizontally divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) portions
Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Regional Terms
Regional Terms
Body cavities ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic
Figure 1.9a
Body Cavities 2 major ones Dorsal cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity encases the brain. Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord
Ventral cavity subdivided into: Thoracic cavity separated by the diaphragm Abdominopelvic Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity two lateral parts containing the lungs Mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea & thymus gland
Ventral cavity Abdominopelvic cavity divided into two parts Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, and small and large intestines Pelvic cavity (enclosed by hip bones) contains the bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum
Other Body Cavities (within the head) Oral (mouth) contains teeth and tongue Nasal located within and posterior to the nose; contains sinuses Orbital house the eyes Middle ear contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Planes of Section Through an Organ Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ Oblique: cut at any but a right angle
Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
Body Cavities and Membranes