Chapter 7 Body Systems Objectives Define term connective tissue Identify five body cavities Define terms joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Identify two major divisions of skeletal system and describe function Objectives Describe structure and function of muscular system and identify three types of muscles Identify four quadrants of abdomen 1
Objectives Describe structure and function of: Circulatory system Respiratory system Nervous system Urinary system Male and female reproductive systems Immune system Endocrine system Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Study of structure of organism and its parts Physiology Study of an organism s body functions Levels of Organization of Human Body Levels are organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 2
Typical Cell in Human Body Epithelial Types of Tissue Connective Muscle Nerve Epithelial Tissue Covers all external surfaces of body Lines hollow organs Provides barrier Aids in absorption of food and secretion of body substances 3
Connective Tissue Binds other types of tissue together Includes Bone Cartilage Adipose tissue Contracts Muscle Tissue Allows movement of body structures Types Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Includes Brain Spinal cord All nerves Nerve Tissue Generates and transmits impulses, controlling all processes 4
Organs Composed of different types of tissue Example: Heart contains muscle, nerve, and connective Largest organ skin Organ Systems Groups of organs that have a common function and purpose Include: Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Respiratory Nervous Gastrointestinal Urinary Reproductive Immune Endocrine Lymphatic Integumentary Special sensory Body Cavities Cranial Spinal (vertebral) Thoracic Mediastinum Abdominal Pelvic 5
Abdominal Quadrants Skeletal System Provides framework for body 206 bones Protects internal organs Assists in movement (with muscles) Storage site for minerals (esp. calcium) Skeletal System 6
Assists in formation of certain blood cells Red and white blood cells made in bone marrow Skeletal System Skeletal System Joints Convergence of two bones Cartilage Connective tissue that allows bones to move freely Primarily in joints Ligaments White bands of tissue that bind joints together Connect bone to cartilage Tendons White fibrous tissue that attaches muscles to bones Joints 7
Ligaments Axial skeleton Torso Skeletal System Appendicular skeleton Extremities Girdles that attach limbs to body Axial Skeleton 8
Appendicular Skeleton Muscular System Contractile tissues Responsible for movement Muscular System Three types Skeletal Voluntary Smooth Involuntary Cardiac Involuntary Intrinsic automaticity 9
Circulatory System Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System Heart Blood Blood vessels Heart 2/3 lies on left side of chest 10
Heart External anatomy Internal anatomy Fluid tissue Cells Blood Plasma Several types of blood cells Chemicals, minerals, nutrients Male: Approximately 5-6 L Blood Red blood cells Erythrocytes White blood cells Leukocytes Platelets 11
Erythrocytes Disc-shaped Blood Carry hemoglobin Bind oxygen and transport to tissues Leukocytes Fight infection Blood Eliminate foreign materials from body Five types Neutrophils Fight bacterial infections Lymphocytes & monocytes Help eliminate viruses and fungal infections Eosinophils & basophils Important in allergic reactions Platelets Blood Essential for clot formation 12
Arteries Blood Flow Carry blood away from heart to body Veins Carry blood from body back to heart Capillaries Where oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products are exchanged Arteries and Veins Major arteries of body Major veins of body Capillaries 13
Coronary Circulation Coronary arteries Coronary veins Cardiac Conduction System Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Bundle of His Right & left bundle branches Purkinje fibers Lymphatic System 14
Lymphatic System Passive circulatory system Functions primarily to absorb fat from intestines and trap infectioncausing organisms Transports lymph Plasmalike liquid Filtered in nodes Respiratory System Respiratory System Upper respiratory system Mouth Nasal cavity Oral cavity Larynx Vocal cords Lower respiratory system Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli 15
Upper Airway Gas Exchange in Alveoli Oxygen Respiratory Physiology Inspired air contains ~21% Carbon dioxide Primary waste product of body Carried in blood to lungs Expired air contains CO 2 and ~16% O 2 16
Respiratory Physiology Respiratory system Primary function Provide for exchange of gases at alveolar-capillary membrane O 2 and CO 2 diffuse across membrane O 2 from alveolus to hemoglobin CO 2 from blood into alveolus Brain controls respiration Brain responds to CO 2 levels in blood Nervous System Nervous System Controls and coordinates all functions of the body Divided into: Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Nerve cells = neurons 17
Brain Central Nervous System Spinal cord Brain Cerebrum Left & right hemispheres Four lobes Thinking, sensation, voluntary movement Cerebellum Controls coordination Medulla Brainstem Involuntary control Respiration, heart, blood vessel function Spinal Cord Cylindrical cord of nervous tissue From foramen magnum to L2 Then divides into cauda equina Receives motor nerve impulses from brain Transmits to body Muscles contract and move Sensory nerve impulses from organs Transmits to brain Both motor and sensory impulses by spinal nerves from spinal cord 18
Meninges Circulation of CSF in Subarachnoid Space Peripheral Nervous System Includes Cranial nerves 12 pairs Spinal nerves 31 pairs Subdivide and extend to entire body Autonomic nervous system Three types of peripheral nerves Sensory nerves transmit impulses from organs to spinal cord Motor nerves transmit impulses from spinal cord to muscles Mixed nerves transmit both sensory and motor messages 19
Autonomic Nervous System Gastrointestinal System Involved in Gastrointestinal System Consumption Digestion Elimination Abdominal quadrants Central reference umbilicus Diaphragm is top of cavity Pelvic bones are bottom of cavity 20
Abdominal Quadrants RUQ Liver Gallbladder Large intestine (partial) Right kidney LUQ Stomach Spleen Pancreas Large intestine (partial) Left kidney Abdominal Quadrants RLQ Appendix Large intestine (partial) Right ovary Right ureter Uterus Urinary bladder LLQ Large intestine (partial) Left ovary Left ureter Uterus Urinary bladder Hollow Abdominal Organs 21
Liver Solid Abdominal Organs Stores glucose Synthesizes protein Filters blood of body waste Detoxifies many drugs and chemicals Spleen Aids in removal of old blood cells from circulation Fights infection Pancreas Manufactures digestive juices, insulin, glucagon Urinary System Male and Female Reproductive Systems 22
Female Reproductive Organs Male Reproductive Organs Immune System Two types of immunity Nonspecific Mechanical barriers prevent entry of bacteria and tears, saliva, mucus wash foreign matter away Chemicals promote inflammation in response to foreign invaders WBCs ingest and destroy bacterial invaders Specific Antibody-mediated Cell-mediated 23
Endocrine System Endocrine System Glands that secrete proteins (hormones) Pituitary Regulates function of other endocrine glands Thyroid Influences growth, development, metabolism, levels of calcium Parathyroid Maintain normal levels of calcium Pancreas Produces digestive enzymes Makes insulin and glucagon Metabolism, blood sugar level Adrenal Certain sex hormones, maintain water and salt balance Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine Reproductive Secondary sex characteristics, reproduction Integumentary System 24
Includes: Skin Nails Hair Integumentary System Sweat glands Oil glands Functions Temperature regulation Defense against disease-causing organisms Maintenance of fluid balance Skin Two major layers Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue Hypodermis Special Sensory System Consists of special nerve receptors that perceive: Light Sound Taste Odors Sensations 25
Eyes Vision Mouth and Tongue Taste Auricle/pinnae Ears Hearing Eardrum/tympanic membrane Ossicles Nerve impulses Auditory nerve Brain Sound 26
Nose Smell Skin Touch Interrelated with peripheral nervous system Receptors that sense temperature and pain travel to spinal cord, then brain Summary Anatomy study of body structures Physiology study of function of structures Organ systems have unique roles 27
Questions? 28