Unit 5 The Human Immune Response to Infection

Unit 5 The Human Immune Response to Infection Unit 5-page 1

FOM Chapter 21 Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Preview: In Chapter 21, we will learn about the branch of the immune system that provides nonspecific defenses against pathogens and foreign substances. Chapter Learning Objectives: After you have reviewed all of Unit 21.1 workbook materials, you should be able to: [Answer these in your own words] Identify and differentiate between the different types of leukocytes important to immunity. Explain how phagocytosis functions as a non-specific defense mechanism. Define inflammation and outlining the stages. Assess the cause and effect of fever on an infection or disease. Describe how complement functions as an antimicrobial defense system. Describe how interferon triggers the antiviral state. KEY CONCEPT 21.1 The Immune System Is a Network of Cells and Molecules to Defend Against Foreign Substances Blood Cells Form an Important Part of Immune Defense Leukocytosis Leukopenia Unit 5-page 2

(Figure 21.3A) (Modified from Figure 21.2) The Lymphatic System Is Composed of Cells and Tissues Essential to Immune Function Primary lymphoid tissues Secondary lymphoid tissues Unit 5-page 3

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Compose a Fully Functional Human Immune System Innate Immunity Adaptive immunity KEY CONCEPT 21.2 Surface Barriers Are Part of Innate Immunity Host Defensive Barriers Limit Pathogen Entry First Line of Innate Defense Barrier Example Unit 5-page 4

(Modified from Figure 21.8) What amazing facts did you learn from MicroFocus 21.1: Going with the Flow? KEY CONCEPT 21.3 Coordinated Cellular Defenses Respond to Pathogen Invasion If first line defenses cannot hold, pathogen invasion may occur Phagocytosis Attempts to Clear Microbes from Infected Tissues Unit 5-page 5

(Figure 21.10) Inflammation Is the Body s Response to Injury Moderate Fever Benefits Host defenses Caused by fever-triggering chemicals = Act on hypothalamus Low to moderate fever 39-40 C (102-103 F) can be a good thing Unit 5-page 6

(Figure 21.13) KEY CONCEPT 21.4 Effector Molecules Damage Invading Pathogens Complement Marks Pathogens for Destruction Assist pathogen elimination Interferon Puts Cells in an Antiviral State (Figure 20.13) Unit 5-page 7

Study Set 5a Student Test Prep Chapter 21 Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade] edema lymph node lymphocyte macrophage microbiota monocyte mucous membrane mucus neutrophil phagocyte pyrogen sebum vasodilation Short Answer Questions [Answer these in your own words] Besides the Chapter Learning Objectives for Chapter 21, after understanding the unit material and textbook readings, you should be able to: 1. Explain the diagnostic significance of leukocytosis and leukopenia. Chapter Self-Test [Refer to the end of Chapter 21 in FOM 11e, pp. 737-739] STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS Multiple choice: 2-4, 7, 8, 10, 11 Matching: 13, 15, 17-20 STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW Questions: 22-24 STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS Question: 28 STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION: None Unit 5-page 8

MicroPuzzler 14 Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Across 6. An oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands 8. Fluid accumulation during inflammation 9. Abnormally high body temperature 10. A cytokine that alerts cells to a viral threat 12. The predominant white blood cell in the blood 14. immunity is a nonspecific defense response 16. A sticky secretion that traps microbes in the respiratory tract 17. A nonspecific defense response to trauma 19. A key cell to adaptive immunity Down 1. A fever-producing substance 2. An effector molecule that marks pathogens for destruction 3. A local expansion of blood vessels 4. Carried out by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells 5. A blood cell having no pigment in the cytoplasm 7. A white blood cell that lives for several months 11. Represented by a macrophage, dendritic cell, or neutrophil 13. A secondary lymphoid tissue (two words) 15. immunity, being a specific defense response, takes up to a week to become fully active 16. This cell circulates in the blood and matures into a macrophage 18. The membranes form a moist layer over epithelial cells of the digestive and respiratory tracts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Unit 5-page 9

Summary: Types of cytokines involved in innate immunity Cytokines Immune cell of innate immunity Attraction Pyrogens Interferon Unit 5-page 10

FOM Chapter 22 Resistance and the Immune System: Adaptive Immunity Preview: In Chapter 22, we will examine the other branch of the immune system, called adaptive immunity that arises from contact with a specific infectious disease agent. Chapter Learning Objectives: After you have reviewed all of Unit 22.1 workbook materials, you should be able to: [Answer these in your own words] Identify and describe the four characteristics (key responses) of an adaptive immune response. Describe the roles for humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Discuss how humoral immunity generates antibodies that are specific to a pathogen (antigen). Summarize the characteristics of the five immunoglobulin classes. KEY CONCEPT 22.1 The Adaptive Immune Response Targets the Specific Invading Pathogen The Ability to Recognize and Eliminate Pathogens Requires a Multifaceted Approach Key Responses of Adaptive Immunity Characteristic Importance Unit 5-page 11

(Modified from Figure 22.4) (Figure 22.3) Adaptive Immunity Generates Two Complementary Responses to Most Pathogens Cell-mediated immunity helps to eliminate pathogens in cells and tissues Humoral immunity generates antibodies to a specific pathogen in body fluids Unit 5-page 12

(Figure 22.5A) KEY CONCEPT 22.2 Humoral Immunity Is an Antibody Response to Pathogens in Body Fluids Antibodies Share a Common Structure Immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins There Are Five Immunoglobulin Classes (modified from Table 22.1) IgE IgD Unit 5-page 13

(Figure 22.6) Three classes are involved with infections Property Immunoglobulin Class IgG IgM IgA Subunits % in Serum Cross placenta Phagocyte binding Function Antibody Responses to Pathogens Are of Two Types Primary antibody response Secondary antibody response Unit 5-page 14

(Figure 22.8) Antibody Interactions Mediate the Clearance of Antigens (Pathogens) Application Serology and Infectious Disease Diagnosis Serology The ELISA Blood Test Identifies Antibodies to a Specific Pathogen Unit 5-page 15

Chapter Learning Objectives: After you have reviewed all of Unit 22.3 workbook materials, you should be able to: [Answer these in your own words] Explain how cell-mediated immunity reacts to (a) trigger B cell activity and (b) kill virus-infected cells. KEY CONCEPT 22.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity Detects and Eliminates Intracellular Pathogens Cell-Mediated Immunity Relies on T Lymphocyte Receptors and Recognition Subpopulations of T cells Cell-mediated immunity Unit 5-page 16

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Study Set 5b Student Test Prep Chapter 22 Resistance and the Immune System: Acquired Immunity Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade] antibody antigen binding site antigen-presenting cell (APC) B lymphocyte (B cell) bone marrow cytokine cytotoxic T cell dendritic cell heavy chain immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain lymph node macrophage memory cell plasma cell spleen thymus T lymphocyte (T cell) Short Answer Questions [Answer these in your own words] Besides the Chapter Learning Objectives for Chapter 22, after understanding the unit material and textbook readings, you should be able to: 1. Define an antigen. 2. Draw the structure of a monomeric antibody and label its parts. 3. Explain how primary and secondary antibody responses confer immunological memory and immunity to infectious agents. 4. Describe the mechanisms for antigen clearance through antigen-antibody interactions in the body. 5. Identify what the ELISA blood test is testing for and explain what the results mean. Chapter Self-Test [Refer to the end of Chapter 22 in FOM 11e, pp. 766-768] STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS Multiple choice: Questions 2, 5-7 True-False: 14-19 STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW Questions: None STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS: None STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION Question: 31 Unit 5-page 18

MicroPuzzler 15 Resistance and the Immune System: Acquired Immunity Across 2. An effector molecule of humoral immunity 6. A signaling molecule of adaptive immunity 7. The largest antibody molecule and first to appear in the circulation after antigen stimulation 8. The major circulating antibody 9. A long-lived T- or B-cell in the body 10. This blood test identifies antibodies to a specific pathogen (acronym) 11. A secondary lymphoid tissue 14. A type of antigen-presenting cell 15. A type of T cell 17. A discrete region on an antigen where an antibody binds 19. Where T cells mature 20. The type of lymphocyte involved with controlling cell-mediated immunity (hyphenated word) 21. An antigen-presenting cell 23. A cell that secretes antibodies Down 1. A macrophage or dendritic cell (acronym) 2. Something provoking an immune response 3. Where all lymphocytes arise (two words) 4. Two polypeptide chains form part of an antibody molecule 5. The type of immune response to pathogens in fluids 7. The class of proteins to which antibodies belong 12. The smaller polypeptide chains of an antibody 13. T- cells bind to antigen-presenting cells 14. Cell- immunity destroys infected body cells 16. A genetically identical population of cells 18. An important type of white blood cell needed for humoral immunity (hyphenated word) 22. The immunoglobulin class with four identical antigen-binding sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Unit 5-page 19

(Figure 23.6A, B) FOM Chapter 23 Immunization and Serology Preview: We will finish Biology 205 by examining how immunity to disease can be generated through vaccination. Chapter Learning Objectives: After you have reviewed all of Unit 23.1 workbook materials, you should be able to: [Answer these in your own words] Contrast the forms of active immunity. Differentiate between vaccines produced by using attenuated pathogens and inactivated pathogens. Describe the composition of toxoid vaccines. Compare the preparation of subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. Explain how herd immunity is generated and assess its role in disease prevention. KEY CONCEPT 23.1 Immunity to Disease Can Be Generated Naturally or Artificially Immunity Adaptive Immunity Can Result by Actively Producing Antibodies to an Antigen Unit 5-page 20

(Figure 23.6C, D) Adaptive Immunity Also Can Result by Passively Receiving Antibodies to an Antigen Whole Agent Vaccines Contain Weakened or Inactivated Antigens Some Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Type Preparation & Remarks Whole Agent (Classical) Attenuated Inactivated Toxoid Unit 5-page 21

Newer Vaccines Contain Only Subunits or Fragments of Antigens Some Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Type Preparation & Remarks Modern Group Subunit Conjugate DNA Some Vaccines Are Specifically Recommended for Adults Some Adult Vaccines Unit 5-page 22

Booster shots (immunizations) Inability of immune system to maintain life-long memory to some antigens Herd Immunity Results from Effective Vaccination Programs Herd (community) immunity Herd immunity threshold Vaccine Side Effects Are Rare and Usually Minor Symptoms often include: Unit 5-page 23

Study Set 5c Student Test Prep Chapter 23 Immunization and Serology Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade] antiserum antitoxin serum vaccination Short Answer Questions [Answer these in your own words] Besides the Chapter Learning Objectives for Chapter 23, after understanding the unit material and textbook readings, you should be able to: 1. Contrast the forms of active immunity and passive immunity. 2. Describe how vaccines work. 3. Identify four vaccines that should be part of adult immunizations. 4. Assess the usefulness of booster shots. 5. Discuss the side effects that a vaccine may have. Chapter Self-Test [Refer to the end of Chapter 23 in FOM 11e, pp. 802-803] STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS Multiple choice: Questions 1-3, 5, 6 Completion: Questions 14-16 STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW Questions: None STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS: None STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION: None Unit 5-page 24

MicroPuzzler 16 Immunization and Serology Across 2. The form of adaptive immunity where antibodies are acquired from another source 5. Naturally acquired immunity results from recovery from a disease 7. A vaccine containing only parts of an antigen 9. An antibody against a toxin 12. A vaccine consists of plasmids containing a gene from a viral or bacterial pathogen 14. The vaccine consisting of a hapten and carrier protein 15. Vaccination is an example of active immunity acquired in an manner 16. Referring to an additional dose of a vaccine given periodically 17. The type of immunity conferred if the clear majority of a population is vaccinated 18. The type of cells produced through a vaccination Down 1. Most vaccines have been made from these types of pathogens (two words) 3. The fluid portion of the blood 4. A substance that prepares the immune system to protect the host from a pathogen 6. The type of vaccine produced from an inactivated bacterial toxin 8. Passage of IgG from mother to fetus is an example of passive immunity acquired in a manner 10. Referring to a vaccine produced from pathogens that have been exposed to chemicals, heat, or radiation. 11. Referring to a vaccine containing a weakened pathogen 13. Used for artificially acquired passive immunity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Unit 5-page 25

THE FINISH!! FINAL EXAM (UNIT 5) Unit 5-page 26