Subject Index Animas Vibe 86, 130 Artificial pancreas clinical studies inpatient studies 175 180 outpatient studies outcome assessment 182, 183 technology 180, 181 telemedicine 182 components glucose sensor 167, 168 insulin administration routes 168, 169 control algorithm 170, 171 fuzzy-logic controllers 171 model predictive control 171 173, 177 179 multimodular control 173 physiology-inspired controller 171 proportional-integral-derivative control 171, 179, 183 glucagon infusion 169 historical perspective 166, 167 meal announcement by patient 169 pramlintide infusion 169 preclinical testing 174, 175 prospects 183, 185 sensors other than glucose 170 Aspart, pregnancy use 19 ASPIRE study 159, 160 Athletes, real-time continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes 120, 121 Automated bolus calculator 212, 213 Best Information through Regional Outcomes 247 Biostator 167 Breastfeeding, self-monitoring of blood glucose 56 Clarke error grid analysis, glucose monitor accuracy assessment 115 Continuous glucose monitoring, see also Real-time continuous glucose monitoring advantages 88, 89 algorithms for calculating insulin delivery 155 159 artificial pancreas, see Artificial pancreas data analysis 93, 94 disadvantages 86 88 frequency of sensing 135, 254 historical perspective Abbott 86 Cygnus 85 Dexcom 85, 86 Medtronic 83 85, 113 hypoglycemia prevention 252, 253 mechanisms 154, 155 novel uses dead-in-bed syndrome 90 remote monitoring 90 93 sleep eating 89 professional versus real-time systems 82, 83, 111 113 quality of life 253, 254 sensor advances fluorescence-based sensors 95, 96 implantable glucose sensors 94, 95 intraperitoneal sensors 95 noninvasive sensors 96 systems 81, 82 technical aspects 260
accuracy 115, 116 calibration 114, 115 type 2 diabetes use 89 Continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion advantages 201 adverse events anti-insulin antibodies 204, 205 implantation site 202 underdelivery 203, 204 artificial pancreas 168 catheter requirements 196, 197 clinical experience 193, 194 feasibility studies 197 201 historical perspective 190 192 indications 206, 207 insulin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 192, 193 preparations 194, 195 pump requirements 195, 196 rationale 192 194 Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion advantages 251 age of patients 134, 135 basal rate and bolus calculation 129, 130 clinical efficacy and safety diabetic ketoacidosis 132 glycemic control 131 hypoglycemia 131, 132, 252 long-term complications 132 pregnant type 1 diabetes patients 133 quality of life 132 cost-effectiveness 138 disadvantages 137 education of patients 134 general considerations 152, 153 historical perspective 128, 129 indications 138, 139 management in intensive and nonintensive treatment 8, 9 medical and surgical ward patients 40 multiple daily insulin comparison 7, 8 overview 7 pediatric diabetes dropouts 146 evidence-based medicine 144 guidelines 145 indications 144, 145 neonatal diabetes 144 sensor-augmented pump, see Sensoraugmented pump prospects 139 quality of life 253 self-monitoring of blood glucose 54, 55 technology and comparison of pumps 129, 130 Critical care, see Intensive care unit DAFNE study 211 Dead-in-bed syndrome, continuous glucose monitoring 90 Detemir pregnancy use 20 Dextrostix 47, 63 Diabecare R 130 Diabeo system decision-support systems 214 219 Télédiab 1 study 218 222 TELESAGE study 222, 223 Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Study 239 Diabetes Control Complications Trial blood glucose targets to prevent vascular events 4, 5, 151 historical perspective 1, 2 microangiopathy and glucose control effects 2 4 self-monitoring of blood glucose 48 Diabetes Insulin Guidance System 213, 214 Diabetes Interactive Diary clinical studies 228 232 overview 227, 228 prospects 232, 233 rationale 226, 227 Diabetes registers architecture of integrated registers 244 246 best practices 238 242 functions 236, 237 information exchange challenges 242 244 prospects 246 248 Diabetic ketoacidosis studies 132 self-monitoring of blood glucose guidelines 52, 53 DiaPort 168, 192, 207 Driving, hypoglycemia risks 53, 54 Subject Index 261
Enlite 116 ENTRED 211 Error grid analysis, see Clarke error grid analysis EUBIROD project 242, 247, 248 Freestyle Navigator 114 G4 86, 116 G4 Platinum 86, 116 Gestational diabetes mellitus, see Pregnancy Glargine pregnancy use 19, 20 Global positioning system, continuous glucose remote monitoring 91, 92 Glucagon, artificial pancreas infusion 169, 179 GlucoDayS 114 Glucose regulation for intensive care patients, care unit 25 GlucoWatch2 Biographer 85 Glulisine, pregnancy use 19 Glycemic targets intensive versus nonintensive treatment 5, 6 pregnancy 14 18 vascular event prevention 4, 5 Glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c, real-time continuous glucose monitoring pediatric studies 100 103 Guardian monitor 84, 113, 114 Hospital patients blood glucose abnormalities 32, 33 critical care, see Intensive care unit discharge of patients with glucose abnormalities 42 44 hyperglycemia management continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 40 enteral nutrition patients 39, 40 glucocorticoid-receiving patients 38 guidelines 34 intravenous insulin transition to subcutaneous insulin 38 medical and surgical wards 35 37 overview 34, 35 point of care glucose meters 26, 27, 40, 41, 73 75 real-time continuous glucose monitoring 41 subcutaneous insulin dose 36 total parenteral nutrition patients 38, 39 hypoglycemia causes 42 prevention and management 42, 43 programs for glycemic control 45 Hyperglycemia Mitigation Module 173 Hypoglycemia continuous glucose monitoring in prevention 252, 253 studies 131, 132, 252 hospital patients causes 42 prevention and management 42, 43 low glucose suspension in prevention 152 real-time continuous glucose monitoring studies in pediatrics 103 self-monitoring of blood glucose driving risks 53, 54 overview 52 sensor-augmented pump 136, 148, 149 Insulin detemir, see Detemir Insulin pump, see Artificial pancreas, Continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion, Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, Insulin therapy, see also Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, Multiple daily insulin, specific insulin formulations hospital patients, see Hospital patients, Intensive care unit pregnancy 18 21 subcutaneous insulin dose in medical and surgical wards 36 Intensive care unit anti-insulin antibodies 204, 205 blood glucose abnormalities 23, 24 historical perspective 250, 251 hyperglycemia management central laboratory glucose measurement 27 computer-based protocols 25, 26 guidelines 24, 25 intravenous insulin transition to subcutaneous insulin 26 point of care glucose determination 26, 27, 74 262 Subject Index
real-time continuous glucose monitoring 27, 28 Intensive treatment glycemic targets 5, 6 type 1 diabetes 6 9 ipro 84, 85 ipro2 85 Lispro, pregnancy use 19 Long-Term Sensor System 191 Low glucose suspend ASPIRE study 159, 160 pediatric diabetes 104, 105, 160 163 predictive low glucose suspend 163, 164 rationale for hypoglycemia prevention 152 Veo system 160 LysPro N-protamine, pregnancy use 20 MEASURE trial 51 Menstruation, self-monitoring of blood glucose 55 MiniMed 83, 84, 113 Model predictive control artificial pancreas 171 173, 177 179 closed-loop systems 159 care unit 25, 26 Multiple daily insulin comparison 7, 8 management in intensive and nonintensive treatment 8, 9 Neonatal diabetes, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 144 Neutral protamine Hagedorn enteral nutrition patient use 39, 40 historical perspective 7 pregnancy use 19, 20 New York City A 1c Registry 240 Nonintensive treatment glycemic targets 5, 6 type 1 diabetes 6 9 OmniPod 130 Otago Diabetes Register 239 Pediatric diabetes insulin pump, see Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, real-time continuous glucose monitoring, see Real-time continuous glucose monitoring Physical activity guidelines in diabetes 54 self-monitoring of blood glucose 54 sports, see Athletes PILGRIM study 164 Point of care glucose meters accuracy 65 blood sample factors in error 70 73 historical perspective 63, 64 hospital patient use intensive care unit 26, 27, 74 medical and surgical wards 40, 41, 73 75 strategies for use 75 needs 64 outliers hazards 68, 69 interfering substances 67, 68 recommendations 76 78 regulatory agencies and standards 65 67 technology and interfering factors 69, 70 trends 77 Pramlintide, artificial pancreas infusion 169 Predictive Low Glucose Management 163, 164 Pregnancy in type 1 diabetes patients 133 fetal risks of maternal diabetes 11 glycemic targets 14 18 insulin therapy 18 21 maternal metabolism 13, 14 prepregnancy counseling in diabetes 12 real-time continuous glucose monitoring 118 120 self-monitoring of blood glucose 55, 56 sensor-augmented pump therapy 136, 137 Proportional-integral-derivative control artificial pancreas 171, 179, 183 closed-loop systems 156 159 care unit 25 Real-time continuous glucose monitoring, see also Continuous glucose monitoring adult outpatients athletes with diabetes 120, 121 indications 121 123 overview 110 113 Subject Index 263
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (cont.) pregnancy 118 120 prospects 123 type 1 diabetes 116 118 data analysis 93, 94 historical perspective 113, 114 intensive care unit 27, 28 mechanisms 41 medical and surgical ward patients 41, 42 pediatric patients glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c studies 100 103 hypoglycemia studies 103 low-glucose threshold insulin suspend 104, 105 practical considerations 105 107 professional versus real-time systems 82, 83, 111 113 technical aspects accuracy 115, 116 calibration 114, 115 Registries, see Diabetes registers Self-monitoring of blood glucose adherence 252 continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 54, 55 electronic diaries 312 historical perspective 47, 48 hypoglycemia driving risks 53, 54 overview 52 illness and infection 52, 53 lifestyle changes and testing needs 57 physical activity 54 prospects 58, 59 technological advancements 57, 58 type 1 diabetes frequency and demographics 49, 50 guidelines 49 starting and changing therapy 50 52 women concerns breastfeeding 56 menstruation 55 preconception 55, 56 pregnancy 56, see also Artificial pancreas age of patients 134, 135 algorithms for calculating insulin delivery 155 159 architecture of system 153, 154 cost-effectiveness 138 disadvantages 137 education of patients 134 frequency of sensing 135 glycemic control at baseline clinical studies 135 hypoglycemia 136 pregnancy 136, 137 quality of life 136 indications 138, 139 overview 133 pediatric diabetes evidence-based medicine 146, 147 guidelines 147 hypoglycemia 148, 149 limiting factors 147, 148 prospects 139 SevenD 114 Seven-Plus 85, 114 Sleep eating, continuous glucose monitoring 89 Sports, see Athletes, Physical activity STS-CGM system 85 SUPREME-DM project 238, 241 Swedish National Diabetes Register 241 Télédiab 1 study 218 222 TELESAGE study 222, 223 Total parenteral nutrition, hyperglycemia management 38, 39 UK Prospective Diabetes Study blood glucose targets to prevent vascular events 4, 5 microangiopathy and glucose control effects 2 4 Veo 130, 160 264 Subject Index