The INTEGUMENTARY System
Vocabulary- Roots Adip/o fat Cutane/o skin Cyst/o cyst or bladder Derm/o skin Dermat/o skin Hidr/o sweat Hydr/o water Kerat/o horny tissue, hard, cornea of the eye Lip/o fat Melan/o black Myc/o fungus Necr/o death Onych/o nail Pil/o hair Psor/o itchy Scler/o hardening, sclera of the eye Seb/o sebum, sebaceous Squam/o scale Sudor/o sweat Trich/o hair Xanthr/o yellow Xer/o dry
Vocabulary- suffixes and prefixes -cele -cyte -derma hernia, swelling cell skin -ectomy excision, removal -esis -ic -itis -logist -logy -malacia softening condition pertaining to inflammation specialist in the study of study of -oma -osis -ous -pathy -plasty -rrhea tumor abnormal condition pertaining to disease surgical repair flow or discharge -therapy treatment -tic pertaining to Epi- Hypo- Sub- above, upon under, below, deficient under. below
Vocabulary- abbreviations Bx- biopsy I&D- incision and drainage / irrigation and debridement PE- physical exam subcu, Sub-Q, SubQ- subcutaneous ung- ointment
Vocabulary Avascular- without blood flow Benign- noncancerous tumor Comedo- blackhead Debridment-process of removing foreign material or dead/ damaged tissue to promote healing Ecchymosis-skin discoloration, black and blue, bruise Malignant- cancerous tumor Metastasis- movement from one body part to another, as in cancer Tinea- fungal infection, includes ringworm, athlete s foot, and jock itch
Functions of the Skin Protection Vitamin D Production Sensory Organ Temperature Regulation Excretion of waste
Layers of the Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous
Epidermis Outer layer of skin Avascular - no blood vessels Cells move outward through layers and eventually slough off Keratin- produces by the keratinocytes and waterproofs the skin Melanin- produced by the melanocytes and causes pigmentation within the skin, hair, and eyes
Dermis Layer of skin under the epidermis Thicker than epidermis Made up of connective tissue fibers Contains the blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings of the skin Dermal papillae- ridges that allow us to feel textures, hold, and manipulate things (what makes fingerprints)
Subcutaneous Layer Not part of the true skin Connective tissue that connects the skin to the muscle and organs underneath Composed of fat that helps insulate the body from heat and cold, provides protective padding, and serves as an energy storage area Contains nerve endings responsible for deep pressure, and blood vessels Where many liquid injections are given (subcutaneous injections use a hypodermic needle) Also called the hypodermis or superficial fascia
Nails Plates of tightly packed dead cells (keratin) of the epidermis Helps to grasp and manipulate small objects
Glands of the Skin Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)
Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) Most numerous gland in the skin Two types eccrine (widespread) and apocrine (armpit, groin) Primary function - regulates body temperature by evaporation of water Eliminates some waste products, glands secrete sweat - a mixture of: water - salts - amino acids ammonia - urea - uric acid sugar -lactic acid -ascorbic acid
Sebaceous Glands Oil glands usually associated with hair follicles Secrete an oily substance called sebum a mixture of fats, cholesterol, protein and inorganic salts Keeps hair from drying out and becoming brittle Keeps skin soft and pliable Inhibits growth of certain bacteria
Hair Growths from the epidermis Composed of dead (keratinized) skin cells Primary function is protection guards the scalp from injury and sunlight eyebrows - eyelashes protect the eye ears and nostrils keep out foreign objects Helps regulate body temperature Touch receptors associated with hair follicles
Parts of the hair The hair shaft The visible part The hair root The part below the skin The hair bulb The enlarged deepest section from which the hair grows
Hair Structures
Diseases and Disorders
Acne An inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles Primarily affects teenagers due to increased hormonal activity which causes the sebaceous glands to be over-active Treated with topical creams that dry out the skin and oral antibiotics that decrease the inflammation of the sebaceous glands
Athlete s Foot A common infection caused by the tinea fungus Symptoms include itching, burning, and cracked, scaly skin between the toes and on the feet It grows best in damp, dark, warm places Treatment includes over-the-counter antifungal creams for most cases and prescription medicines for more serious infections.
Ringworm Caused by tinea fungus Causes a red skin rash that forms a ring on normal looking skin This is not caused by a worm Common treatment includes overthe-counter antifungal creams
Jock Itch Cause by the tinea fungus Causes an itchy, burning rash in the groin area Common treatment includes overthe-counter- antifungal creams
Vitiligo Cause can be genetic, autoimmune, or endocrine issues Milky- white patches appear on the skin; usually on the hands, face, genitalia, and body folds (axillary, elbows ) Treatment includes drugs or hormones to darken the skin areas, and in extreme cases skin transplants can be done
Alopecia (baldness) Causes include genetics, endocrine issues, Causes absence or loss of hair Treatments can vary from decreasing stress, oral or topical medications, and transplants
Decubitus Ulcers (bedsores) Caused by long term constant press to one area Causes an open sore (ulcer) usually over a bony prominence Treatment includes antibiotics, change of position, debridement of damaged tissue while healing occurs
Eczema Caused by inflammation usually from an allergic reaction or irritation Causes redness of the skin, rash, swelling of capillaries Treatment depends on the cause, but can include oral or topical medication
Hirsutism Caused by abnormally high hormone levels or by hair follicles that are more sensitive to normal androgen levels Causes excessive dark, thick hair growth where it normally doesn t grow, especially in women Treatment usually involves hormone treatments
Urticaria (hives) Caused by reaction to allergens or even psychological stress Causes an outbreak of swollen, pale red bumps or plaques (wheals) on the skin that appear suddenly. These can be itchy. Treatment includes removal of the irritant and oral or topical medications
Burns Caused by exposure to a heat source, electrical current, or chemical Causes damage to layers of the skin and underlying tissue Degrees of burns 1st partial thickness (red, dry, and hot) 2nd partial thickness (red, hot, wet, with blisters) 3rd full thickness (into subcutaneous or deeper, initially no feeling) Treatment depend on degree of burn 1st degree- cool under cool running water 2 nd degree- cool as above, do not pop blisters 3 rd degree- cover lightly to prevent infection, get to the hospital
Skin Cancers Cancerous uncontrolled growth of cells Often caused by prolonged exposure to the sun 90 % of skin cancers can be linked to the sun Three most common types of skin cancers Basal Cell Carcinomas Squamous Cell Carcinomas Malignant Melanomas
Basal Cell Carcinoma The most common form of cancer 1 million new cases estimated in the U.S. each year Begins in the basal cell layer of the skin. Occurs most frequently on the sunexposed areas of the body (face, ears, neck, scalp, shoulders, and back) Rarely spread and can be removed easily in most cases.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Begins in squamous cells. In people with dark skin and it's usually found in places that are not in the sun, such as the legs or feet. In people with fair skin, squamous cell skin cancer usually occurs on parts of the skin that have been in the sun, such as the head, face, ears, and neck. Squamous Cell skin cancers can spread to other body parts and are harder to remove.
Melanoma Melanoma, the least common but most serious type of skin cancer Develops in the cells that produce melanin. Melanoma can also form in your eyes and, rarely, in internal organs, such as your intestines. Melanomas grow from the inside out so they are can go un-noticed for a long time.
ABCDE Method to Assess Skin Cancer A - Asymmetry B - Border C - Color D - Diameter E Evolution or Elevation