BIOCHEMISTRY All organic compounds must contain and Are the following organic? Why or why not? H2O CO2 CH4 There are 4 major types of organic compounds each with unique characteristics: A. CARBOHYDRATES Contain,, and. Ratio of H:O is always Basic unit (Know how to draw this diagram!) C6H12O6 1) Monosaccharides also called Fxn = Examples,, 2) Disaccharides also called Fxn = Formula is 2(C6H12O6) H2O which = What process joins the above molecules together? Examples:,, Made of:,, +, +, + 1
3) Polysaccharides many monosaccharides joined together by Examples Starch Chitin Glycogen Cellulose Peptidoglycan B. PROTEINS contain,,,, ( ) 1) Structure Composed of 20 different each joined by this process and connected by bonds. Draw the Dipeptide above Some Proteins and their fxns Protein Fxn 2
Level/Structure Description Image Primary (1 ) Secondary (2 ) Tertiary (3 ) Special type of proteins called are organic/biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical rxns in organisms. Mechanism of enzyme activity lock and key theory & induced fit model Reaction shown is dehydration synthesis (removing water to build up). The reverse reaction is called (adding water to break apart) 3
Exergonic/Exothermic Endergonic/Endothermic 4 main factors that influence reaction rate and why? 1) 2) 3) 4) C. LIPIDS contain, & include, & 1) Structure Saturated vs Unsaturated 4
2) Some lipids and their functions Phospholipids Steroids D. NUCLEIC ACIDS contain,,, & 2 examples & Polymers of 1) Structure 1) 5-Carbon Sugar ( ) DNA = RNA = 2) Phosphate Group (notice the charge!!!) 3) Nitrogenous Base DNA bases = RNA bases = MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA & RNA DNA RNA Location* Strands Sugar Bases * DNA is also found in 2 other organelles & 5
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Step 1 Glycolysis Splitting of glucose (occurs in cytoplasm) WITSO? Glucose + 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP C6H12O6 (Investment) (Yield) 2 NAD + 2 NADH + 2 H + Reactants Products Hydrogen (1 p + & 2e ) is removed and transferred to NAD + = Oxidation (NAD + reduced) OIL = RIG = Activation energy requirement of 2 ATP leaving a net gain of ATP 6
Two possible paths: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (Cytoplasm) 1. Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid (Lactic Acid fermentation) 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate 2 NADH +H + 2 NAD + NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2. Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol aka ethyl alcohol + CO2 (Alcohol fermentation) 2 Pyruvate 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 2 NADH +H + 2 NAD + NO ADDITIONAL ENERGY (ATP) IS GAINED. ONLY PURPOSE IS TO OXIDIZE NADH TO REGENERATE NAD+ SO GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE Overall equation AEROBIC RESPIRATION (Mitochondria) Pyruvic acid (products of Step 1 Glycolysis) enter the mitochondria to be further oxidized. Step 2 Kreb's Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle aka Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle): Breakdown of pyruvates (x2) producing CO2 and using the hydrogen to reduce FAD FADH2, NAD + NADH & to generate ATP. Intermediates include citric acid (name of cycle), oxaloacetate (photosynthesis) Amount produced per TURN CO2 (waste) ATP (energy) NADH (goes to Step 3 ETC) FADH2 (goes to Step 3 ETC) Amount produced per GLUCOSE CO2 (waste) ATP (energy) NADH (goes to Step 3 ETC) FADH2 (goes to Step 3 ETC) 7
Step 3 Electron Transport Chain/System (ETC/ETS) ****GREATEST SOURCE OF ATP **** 32 ATP generated by chemiosmosis Glycolysis Kreb's Cycle ETC Total = 2 net ATP (4 Total) = 2 ATP = 32 ATP = 36 ATP 8
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Definition: Process of converting light energy to chemical bond energy. Overall Rxn 6 CO2 + 12 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 H20 + 6O2 Sunlight Net Rxn 6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight Pathway of C, H, & O has been traced using radioactive C 14 & O 18 Reactants Products 1) Photolysis (aka Light Rxns aka Light Dependent Rxns). Photolysis = Photons are absorbed by green pigment Location? Energy from photons (Reactant) used to split H20 (Reactant) ½ 02 + 2H + + 2e ETC Connects PS II & PS I (Chemiosmosis produces ) O2 produced is waste & given off through pores/openings on underside of leaf. H + & e picked up by NADP + NADPH NADP + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) NADP + + H + & 2e NADPH Colors of light that are most effective & Color of light that is least effective WHY???? 9
2) Calvin Cycle (aka Dark Rxns aka Light Independent Rxns aka Carbon Fixation) Takes place in Space around thylakoids called Products from Step 1 & become Reactants for Step 2 + CO2 H + & 2e from NADPH in step 1 combines with CO2 to make a 3-Carbon sugar called PGAL. PGAL (3C) + PGAL (3C) Glucose (6C) Photosynthesis Review Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis 1. Concentration of reactants 2. because it's an enzyme-controlled rxn 3. Type of light - 4. Intensity of light 10
CHEMOSYNTHESIS Definition Process of converting chemical (inorganic) energy to chemical (organic) energy. Typically found in hot places where there is little/no light. For example WITSO hot places? Equation CO2 + 2H2S [CH20] + H20 + 2S RARE PLANTS 1. Parasitic Plants (form of symbiosis +/ ) Absorb nutrients from decaying matter (saphrophytes). Ex: Dodder, mistletoe & Indian Pip 2. Carnivorous Plants Tend to live in N poor soil so they need to supplement nutrient (N) intake. DO NOT rely on eating insects for energy!!! Ex: Venus fly trap, pitcher plant & sundew 3. C4 Plants 4. CAM Plants 11
1) Which of the following polysaccharides stores carbohydrates in animals? a) Cellulose b) Glycogen c) Starch d) Fructose e) Glucose 2) What are the primary (1 ) lipids found in cell membranes? a) Glycerol b) Cholesterol c) Fatty acids d) Phospholipids e) Oils 3) Which of the following statements in incorrect? a) Enzymes are made from proteins b) One enzyme can facilitate the reaction of many different substrates c) Enzymes are not required for spontaneous reactions d) Not all catalysts are enzymes e) The active site of an enzyme will denature at high temperatures 4) What are the components of nucleotides? a) Glycerols, fatty acids and phosphates b) Sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases c) Amino acids, hydrogens and carboxyl groups d) Protons, neutrons and electrons e) Sugars, glycerols and phosphates 5) Which of the following processes does not occur in the mitochondria? a) Glycolysis b) Kreb's cycle c) Citric acid cycle d) Electron transport chain e) NAD + is reduced to NADH 12
6) What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue? a) Ethanol b) Oxygen c) Glucose d) Lactic acid e) Butanoic acid 7) Plants store glucose in long starch chains. What byproduct results when molecules of glucose are linked together in growing polysaccharides? a) Water b) Carbon dioxide c) Oxygen d) Peptide bonds e) ATP 8) Transcription involves which two types of nucleic acids? a) DNA & trna b) DNA & mrna c) mrna & trna d) mrna & rrna e) rrna & trna 9) Which wavelengths of light best support photosynthesis? a) Red and orange b) Yellow and green c) Green and blue d) Orange and yellow e) Red and blue 10) All humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest which of the following carbohydrates? a) Cellulose b) Sucrose c) Glucose d) Glycogen e) Lactose 13
11) All of the following statements are true EXCEPT a) Hydrogen ions have different chemical properties from elemental hydrogen b) Carbons isotopes have different chemical properties from elemental carbon c) Carbon 14 has six protons and eight neutrons d) Hydrogen ions are missing an electron e) Ions have equal numbers of protons and neutrons 12) How many atoms are there in C6H12O6? a) 3 b) 6 c) 12 d) 24 e) 144 13) Electrons are shared equally in which of the following chemical bonds? a) Nonpolar covalent bond b) Polar covalent bond c) Ionic bond d) Dipole-dipole bond e) Hydrogen bond 14) How many single bonds can carbon form with other atoms at the same time? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 15) What chemical reaction takes place when two monomers, or monosaccharides, form a dimer? a) Disassociation b) Dehydration synthesis c) Hydrolysis d) Ionization e) Isomerization 16) Which of the following represents a correct pairing of nitrogenous bases? a) glycerol and uracil b) Guanine and uracil c) Nucleic acids and bases d) Cytosine and adenine e) Adenine and thymine 1) b 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) d 7) a 8) b 9) e 10) a 11) e 12) d 13)a 14) d 15) b 16) e 14