B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s

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2 Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur ~Major ~Found in all ~Found in most ~Found in all component of all organic organic molecules. molecules. ~Major structural atom in all organic molecules. ~Key component in, ~CO 2 is the major nonliving source of carbon in the atmosphere. ~Most common atom in the Universe. ~Enters biological systems largely bonded to in water. ~Returned to the environment by and water release. ~Major nonliving source is N 2 in the atmosphere. ~Makes its way into the food chain via, which convert it into a usable form of that can be used by and passed on to in the food chain. ~Returned back to the environment through and (convert nitrates in the soil into atmospheric nitrogen). ~Oxygen is in our atmosphere, as well as in our water. ~Incorporated into the food chain through, and returned back to the environment through. ~Used quickly to store and release free energy in cells. returns it back to the environment. ~Found in all. ~Major nonliving source is found in rocks. releases it back into the soil, where it producers absorb it and pass it through the food chain. ~ returns it back to the environment. 15 P a g e

3 Note: the macromolecule chart is going to be your best study tool! Use it to your advantage! The building blocks of life! All contain the element! Also known as Macromolecules Unique atomic structure because it has On the outer most energy level, carbon can form with up to other atoms! There are four! Molecular Shape 16 P a g e

4 Making and Breaking Polymers 1. How do we make a polymer from a monomer? _ 2. How do we break down a polymer? 3. : a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds. 4. _: A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions P a g e

5 PRACTICE! Match the Monomer on the left to the macromolecules on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Protein Monosaccharide B. Lipid Nucleotide C. Nucleic acid Amino acid D. Carbohydrate Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right. DNA A. Protein Enzyme B. Lipid Triglyceride C. Nucleic acid Polysaccharide D. Carbohydrate Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Polysaccharide Monosaccharide B. RNA Nucleotide C. Enzyme Amino acid D. Phospholipid Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol A. Enzyme Glucose B. Triglyceride Nucleotide C. Starch Amino acid D. DNA Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right. Amino acid A. Glycogen Nucleotide B. Phospholipid Monosaccharide C. Protein Fatty acids and glycerol D. DNA Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right. Cholesterol A. Protein Enzyme B. Nucleic Acid RNA C. Carbohydrate Cellulose D. Lipid 18 P a g e

6 PHOSPHOLIPIDS Form the bilayer of the cell membrane. First line of defense for the cell. One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate. Hydrophobic tailsmade up of fatty acids and are afraid of water (nonpolar). Hydrophilic headsmade up of glycerol What if glucose is needed now? We make a polymer called (similar to starch, but only found in animals), which are repeating units or with lots of branches. _ and makes a BIG. Globby and branched= Enzymes attach to the ends and break down the glycogen into glucose= Where is glycogen found and where do you need it the most? 19 P a g e

7 Functions of Proteins 1. Catalyzing Enzymes Lowers activation energy: the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started. On-going. Never stop. Human enzymes work best at 98.6 F / 37C. Above 104 F enzymes can start to denature / fall apart. 2. Defensive Proteins- Ex- Antibodies attack viruses and bacteria. Ex- Fibrinogen is a protein that helps your blood to clot. 3. Storage Proteins- Bind with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism. 4. Transport Proteins- Ex- Ex- 5. Support Proteins _ Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails. Ex-Fibrin- allows your blood to clot. Ex- Collagen and elastin are major components of connective tissue. 6. Motion Proteins 7. Messenger Proteins- Allow different cells to communicate. Examples: hormones (regulate body functions) such as Insulin (regulates glucose levels) 20 P a g e

8 Nucleic Acids Answer the questions Deoxyribonucleic Acid,, Sugar- Location- Function- _ Base Pairs- _ Process- Ribonucleic Acid _ Sugar- Location- Function- Base Pairs- Process- 1. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid made up of? 2. What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases? _ 3. What type of bond holds together the sugars and phosphates? 4. Which base pairs match up in DNA? 5. Which base pairs match up in RNA? 6. In RNA, thymine is replaced with 21 P a g e

9 DIRECTIONS LABEL EVERYTHING! Color the A s- green Color the T s- Orange Color the C s- Yellow Color the G s- Purple Color the U s- Brown Color the phosphates- pink Color deoxyribose- dark blue Color ribose- light blue Color the hydrogen bondsgray Label the covalent bonds. 22 P a g e

10 Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecules Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented by the description. Use abbreviations/initials. Stores and transmits genetic information Makes Enzymes _ Insulin Sucrose Saturated _ Fatty Acids Glucose Antibodies Enzyme Substrate Complex Phospholipid Bilayer _ Contains nitrogenous bases Amino acids Monosaccharides Main component of the cell membrane The only one that contains phosphorus (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base) Glycerol Collagen Polyunsaturated _ Long term energy storage Main source of energy Cholesterol _ Hemoglobin Disaccharides Starches ATP Unsaturated fats _ Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Steroids Lactose Ends in ose Olive oil Cellulose Triglycerides Has an R group Monomers are nucleotides Hormones 23 P a g e